Lóngfēng chá

Long Feng cha (Lóngfēng chá 龙峰茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (chǎoqīng) wochokera m’chigawo cha Zhuxi (Zhúxī 竹溪) kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hubei, wodziwika ndi masamba ophimbidwa molimba okhala ndi nsonga yoonekera bwino komanso fungo loyera lapamwamba, lomwe ndi lodziwika bwino m’madera a “zonunkhira” a m’mapiri a dera lino.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: tiyi wobiriwira, wokazinga (chǎoqīng 炒青).
• Gulu: tiyi wobiriwira “wodziwika ndi wabwino” (名优) wa msika wa “tsiku ndi tsiku — wapakati” (口粮-中).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (è 鄂 — dzina lachidule lachikhalidwe la chigawo), chigawo cha Zhuxi (Zhúxī 竹溪), ngodya ya kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei — dera la “mkanda wonunkhira kwambiri wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei” (鄂西北高香区). “Adilesi” yaikulu ya tiyiyi ndi phiri la Longwangya (Lóngwángyà 龙王垭), lomwe linapereka kuoneka kwake ndi dzina lake m’malingaliro a komweko a chiyambi cha “m’mapiri”.
• Mtundu / Cultivar: mitundu ya m’deralo (群体种, qúntǐ zhǒng) ndi mitundu yokonzedwa ya mzere wa “E-cha” (è chá 鄂茶) — mizere yosankhidwa yolimbikitsidwa ku chigawo cha Hubei.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Mbiri: Long Feng cha ndi m’gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wamakono “wodziwika” wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei, amene mbiri yake yamangidwa kuzungulira phiri la Longwangya ku Zhuxi ndi lingaliro la “mkanda wonunkhira kwambiri”. Mosiyana ndi tiyi ena okhala ndi mbiri yakale ya “misonkho” kuyambira nthawi ya Tang — monga Caihua Maojian (采花毛尖), yomwe mwambiri imagwirizana ndi dera la Xiazhou-Yichang (峡州夷陵) — pa Long Feng cha magwero sapereka umboni wa mbiri yakale, choncho ndi koyenera kuifotokoza ngati malo amapiri a chigawo, odalira terroir ya Zhuxi ndi maonekedwe a masamba ake.
• Nkhani ya Chikhalidwe: gulu lonse la tiyi wobiriwira wa Hubei — kuchokera pa tiyi wotenthedwa ndi nthunzi “wamoyo wakale” Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露) kupita ku “chikhalidwe cha tayi cha Taoist” cha phiri la Wudang (武当道茶). Long Feng cha amatenga malo ake m’gululi ngati chǎoqīng wokhulupirika wa m’mapiri — tiyi amene amamwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasunga muyezo wa “wodziwika” wa kuthyolako koyambirira.

4. Malo (Terroir) ndi Makulidwe Ake:

• Malo: Zhuxi ili ku ngodya ya kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei, m’dera la “mkanda wonunkhira kwambiri wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei” (鄂西北高香区). Dera lake ndi lamapiri, minda ya tiyi imakwera m’mphepete mwa mapiri. Kum’mawa kuli mkanda wa mapiri a Yichang ndi Caihua Maojian (采花毛尖) ndi Dengcun lücha (邓村绿茶), kumpoto kuli “chikhalidwe cha tayi cha Taoist” cha phiri la Wudang ku Shiyan (武当道茶).
• Mawonekedwe a Malo: malo okwera, chifunga chambiri ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku kumachedwetsa kukula kwa mphukira, kusunga mankhwala onunkhira ndi ma amino acid m’masamba ndi kuletsa kuchuluka kwa ma polyphenol okhwima. Chifukwa chake kuli ndi cholinga cha kuthyolako koyambirira ndi kamvekedwe koyera ka “wokwera” (高香) mu kapu.
• Kuthyola: makamaka chisanafike Qingming (míngqián 明前) — cha magiredi apamwamba; izi zimayika tiyiyi m’gulu la tiyi wobiriwira “wodziwika ndi wabwino” (名优).
• Mtundu wa chomera molingana ndi mtunda: osati chomera chimodzi cha “mtundu”, koma maziko a mitundu ya komweko ndi yokonzedwa ya mzere wa “E-cha”, yolinganizidwa bwino ndi mtunda wa mapiri a kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei; minda ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana imapereka kusonkhezera ndi kukhazikika kwa kukoma ndipo imapirira nyengo ya m’mapiri, pomwe minda ya mitundu ina yokonzedwa imawonjezera kufanana kwa zinthu zobiriwira ndi kulosera kwa zokolola.

5. Njira Zopangira:

Malinga ndi njira yothetsera, Long Feng cha ndi chǎoqīng (炒青), tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga. Awa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu ndi “nyenyezi” ya njanji ya Hubei — Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露), tiyi wobiriwira yekhayo wotsala ku China amene amatenthedwa ndi nthunzi (zhēngqīng 蒸青) wa onekedwe la singano. Mosiyana ndi kutenthetsa ndi nthunzi, kumene kumatulutsa “zobiriwira zitatu” ndi kamvekedwe ka mwala wamtengo wapatali, kukazinga mu mbiya yotentha kumatulutsa kaundula kofunda, konunkhira kwambiri ndi masamba ophimbidwa molimba.

Malingaliro onse a tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga:

• Kuthyola mphukira zoyambirira zofewa (za magiredi apamwamba — chisanafike Qingming).
• Kufowoketsa / kuyala masamba atsopano kuti atayike pang’ono chinyezi ndi kuchepetsa kusiyana.
• Kuthetsera (shāqīng 杀青) mu mbiya yotentha — kuletsa kupitirira kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kukhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira ndi “kuyika” fungo.
• Kupiringiza (揉捻) — kupanga kaonekedwe kolimba ka masamba ndi kukulitsa kamwedwe.
• Kukonza maonekedwe ndi kuumitsa mpaka kufikira kaonekedwe kophimbidwa molimba komwe kali ndi nsonga yowonekera.

Chizindikiro chachikulu cha tiyi womalizidwa ndicho “wophimbidwa molimba, wokhala ndi nsonga yotuluka” (紧结显锋苗): masamba a tiyi ndi akhwimba, okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa ngati “mikondo” (fēngmiáo 锋苗), osati afulati kapena aubweya wochuluka. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chogwirira ntchito chimene Long Feng cha amasiyanitsidwa nacho mwa maonekedwe.

6. Makhalidwe a Kutha Kwa Ziwalo:

• Maonekedwe a Masamba: masamba a tiyi okhwimba, ophimbidwa molimba, okhala ndi nsonga yowonekera bwino yakuthwa (锋苗) — osati masamba afulati “onga a Longjing” ndiponso osati opiringizika mwa ubweya wochuluka.
• Fungo ndi Kukoma: “fungo lapamwamba” la chǎoqīng wa m’mapiri — loyera, lomveka bwino, lokhala ndi maziko atsopano okazinga, omwe amadziwika ndi kutenthetsa mwachangu, komanso ndi mphamvu yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kuthyolako koyambirira ndi malo okwera. Ku tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri a Hubei, kuphatikizana kwa kutsitsimuka ndi kukoma kofewa kokhala ndi kukoma pang’ono kumene kumatsalira pambuyo pake nkofala.

9. Kupanga Tiyi:

Malangizo othandiza — odziwika bwino kwa tiyi wofewa wokazinga:

• Madzi: ofewa, oziziritsidwa pafupifupi 80 – 85 °C; madzi otentha kwambiri amawotcha masamba oyambirira ofewa ndi kukhwimitsa fungo.
• Chombo: kapu yagalasi kapena gàiwǎn 盖碗 — galasi limalola kuona kutseguka kwa “mikondo” yakuthwa.
• Mlingo: pafupifupi 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Njira: kwa zinthu zobiriwira zofewa, “kuyika pamwamba” (masamba pamwamba pa madzi) ndi koyenera; kuthira koyamba kukhale kwaufupi, kenako nthawi imawonjezeka pang’onopang’ono.
• Kuthira: masamba ophimbidwa molimba okhala ndi nsonga amatseguka pang’onopang’ono ndipo amatha kupirira kuthira kangapo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

• Gawo: mu dongosolo la tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Hubei, Long Feng cha amaikidwa osati ngati “wapamwamba kwambiri” monga Enshi Yulu kapena “gawo lapamwamba” monga Caihua Maojian, koma ngati tiyi wabwino wa m’mapiri wa tsiku ndi tsiku komanso wapakati — wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chabwino cha mtengo, kununkhira ndi kupezeka.
• Muyezo: nambala yeniyeni ya muyezo wa boma (GB/T) ya Long Feng cha sinatchulidwe, choncho satchulidwadi mwadala; muyenera kutsatira zofunikira zonse za tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga wa gulu la “odziwika” ndi kusankha magiredi kutengera nyengo yothylola (míngqián monga chizindikiro chapamwamba).
• Momwe mungasiyanitsire:
  • Kuchokera ku Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Yulu ndi tiyi wotenthedwa ndi nthunzi (zhēngqīng) wooneka ngati singano yokhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wa mwala wamtengo wapatali wa “zobiriwira zitatu”; Long Feng cha ndi wokazinga (chǎoqīng), ndi fungo lofunda lokazinga ndi maonekedwe ena, ophimbidwa molimba.
  • Kuchokera ku Caihua Maojian (采花毛尖): onse ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga ochokera ku Hubei, koma Caihua wochokera ku mkanda wa mapiri a Yichang amaikidwa pamwamba pa gawo ndipo ndi wodziwika ndi masamba ake ofewa, osalala, aubweya; Long Feng cha — wochokera ku Zhuxi, wophimbidwa molimba ndi woonekera bwino mwa mawonekedwe a “nsonga” (锋苗), gawo la tsiku ndi tsiku-wapakati.
  • Mwa maonekedwe: funani masamba a tiyi okhwimba, ophimbidwa molimba okhala ndi nsonga yowonekera bwino, osati masamba afulati “onga a Longjing” ndiponso osati opiringizika mwa ubweya wochuluka.
  • Mwa adilesi: Long Feng Cha weniweni amagwirizana ndi Zhuxi ndi phiri la Longwangya kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei — ichi ndi “pasipoti” yake ya terroir.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• Long Feng cha ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe chigawo chimodzi cha m’mapiri chimapangira tiyi wake wodziwika bwino: kutenthetsa mwachangu, kuthyolako koyambirira m’malo okwera ndi masamba olimba okhala ndi nsonga zimatulutsa fungo loyera lapamwamba, lomwe limapangitsa Zhuxi kukhala malo owonekera pa mapu a tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Hubei.