Méichá jiāzú

Méichá (眉茶) — “tchizi wa nsidze” — si mtundu umodzi, koma sikelo yonse ya migawo yamalonda ya tiyi wamtali wobvundidwa wobiriwira (长炒青 cháng chǎoqīng), yomwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri inali nkhope yayikulu ya katundu wobiriwira waku China wotumizidwa kunja. Pansi pa dzina lapadziko lonse la ‘Chunmee’, gulu ili limagonjetsabe misika ya Kumpoto ndi Kumadzulo kwa Afirika.

Chimene Méichá ali ndi chimene amachokera

Dzina lakuti 眉茶 (méichá) limafotokoza maonekedwe a tsamba lokonzeka: timizere tating’onoting’ono, topiringizika, topindika pang’ono, tofikira nsidze ya mkazi. Chobvala choyambirira ndi tiyi wamtali wobvundidwa wobiriwira 长炒青, omwe amadutsa mu “kupha kubiriwira” ndi kupiringizika ndi kuumitsa komaliza mwa kubvundidza, zomwe zimapereka kupiringizika kolimba, kwautali kwenikweni ndi kamvekedwe kowoneka bwino ka kubvundidza (栗香 lìxiāng, ka “chestnut”).

Chigawo choyambirira cha kupanga ndi pamphambano ya zigawo zitatu, zomwe zimatchedwa “triangulo ya kubiriwira” ya Zhejiang, Anhui, ndi Jiangxi (浙皖赣 Zhè-Wǎn-Gàn). Apa ndi pomwe mayina otchuka amalonda “malinga ndi malo” adakhazikitsidwa:

• 屯绿 (túnlǜ, Tunlu) — ochokera ku Tunxi ndi Xiuning ku Anhui, m’mbiri 徽州; limodzi ndi tiyi wofiira wa Qimen, amapanga awiri otchuka a “祁红屯绿”.
• 婺绿 / 饶绿 (wùlǜ / ráolǜ) — ochokera ku Wuyuan ndi Shangrao ku Jiangxi; amati za tiyi wa kuno “茶不到婺源不香” (“tiyi saphera kununkhiza bwino pokhapokha afike ku Wuyuan”), dera limadziwika ndi katundu wa organic wopita ku EU.
• 遂绿 / 杭绿 / 温绿 (suìlǜ / hánglǜ / wēnlǜ) — mitundu yayikulu ya méichá ya ku Zhejiang.

Kunja kwa triangulo, kalembedwe komweku amapangidwanso ndi zigawo zina pansi pa mayina awoawo — 湘绿, 鄂绿, 黔绿, 豫绿, 舒绿 (Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Henan, Anhui), zomwe zimapita ku msika wamkati ndi wakunja.

Zobvala ndi kapangidwe: kuchokera ku máochá kupita ku rafini

Makiyi omvetsetsa banja lonselo ndi kugawanika mu magawo awiri.

初制 (kapangidwe koyamba) kumapereka māochá (毛茶) — tiyi “waiwisi” wautali 炒青 wa kukula kosayanjana, wokhala ndi zosakaniza za zidutswa, timitengo ndi fumbi. Pa sitepe iyi, tsamba limakhala lonyezimira lobiriwira (绿润), ndikupiringizika “konga nsidze”, ndi fungo lochuluka la chestnut ndi kapangidwe kolimba, kofewa — uwu ndi maziko a tiyi wonse wobiriwira wotumizidwa kunja.

精制 (rafini) — ndi chimene chimasintha máochá umodzi kukhala mzere wathunthu wa magiredi. Ntchito zake:

• 筛分 (shāifēn) — kusanja pa sieve malinga ndi kukula ndi utali;
• 风扇 (fēngshàn) — kuwombera ndi mphepo kuti alekanitse malinga ndi kulemera ndi kukhuthala;
• 拣剔 (jiǎntī) — kusankha timitengo, tinthu tating’onoting’ono ndi zinthu zina;
• 扑火 (pūhuǒ) — kuumitsa komaliza - ‘kumaliza ndi moto’ kuti chinyezi ndi fungo zikhazikike.

Kusanja, osati minda yosiyanasiyana kapena nyengo, ndiko kumapanga utsogoleri: chinthu choyamba chomwechi chimagawidwa m’magawo osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku chachikulu ndi chosasinthika mpaka ku chaching’ono chosankhidwa.

Magiredi a banja la Chunmee

Sikelo imamangidwa makamaka ndi kukula, kusasinthasintha ndi “gulu” la kapiringizidwe.

特珍 (tèzhēn, Special Chunmee)

Giredi yapamwamba kwambiri ya méichá. Tsamba losasinthasintha komanso lalikulu kwambiri la gulu la 珍眉, gawo losankhidwa mwapadera la 炒青 wautali. Imapita kunja ngati malo apamwamba, makamaka ku Kumpoto ndi Kumadzulo kwa Afirika.

珍眉 (zhēnméi, Chunmee)

Giredi yayikulu, “yonyamula” banja lonse ndi gwero la dzina lapadziko lonse la Chun Mee. Iyi ndi tiyi wamkulu wobiriwira waku China wotumizidwa kunja, chimake cha msika wa ku Morocco. Timizere tating’onoting’ono topindika, kupiringizika kosasinthasintha, mbiri yoyera ya chestnut-zobiriwira.

凤眉 / 针眉 (fèngméi / zhēnméi, Sowmee/needle)

Giredi yapakati. Zosankhidwa zocheperako komanso zazing’ono za méichá poyerekeza ndi 珍眉 — magawo “onga singano”, omwe amasiyanitsidwa posanja.

雨茶 (yǔchá, Young Hyson / “tiyi wamvula”)

Malo apadera: zidutswa zazifupi zopiringizika, zomwe zimapezeka panthawi ya rafini. Chofunikira ndichakuti — 雨茶 amapangidwa osati kuchokera ku 炒青 wautali wokha, komanso kuchokera ku 圆炒青 (wobvundidwa wozungulira, ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku mzere wa 珠茶/gunpowder). Awa ndi tinthu tophatikizika, tating’onoting’ono topiringizika, tosiyanitsidwa mu 精制 kuchokera mukumayenda a méichá komanso a zhūchá.

贡熙 (gòngxī, Hyson) / 熙春 (xīchūn)

Giredi yokhala ndi mbiri yaitali kwambiri ku Ulaya. Pansi pa mayina “熙春/贡熙”, tiyi uyu amatumizidwa ku Ulaya kalekale zaka za zana la 18 (Chingelezi Hyson). Masiku ano amatchedwa gulu la 炒青 ndipo amasiyanitsidwa posanja m’kupanga kwa 珠茶 komanso 眉茶.

秀眉 (xiùméi, Sowmee)

Giredi yapansi ya mzere — zidutswa zazing’ono, zopepuka. Gawo laling’ono ndi lopepuka kwambiri, losiyanitsidwa ndi kuwomba ndi ma sieves; limamaliza sikelo ya méichá.

Pakukonza mzere wozungulira (珠茶), gulu lofananira la magiredi limapangidwa: 珠茶-贡熙 / 雨茶 / 秀眉, kutanthauza kuti mayina omwewo a “mchira” amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku kayendedwe ka zhūchá. Izi zimalongosola chifukwa chake 雨茶, 贡熙 ndi 秀眉 amapezeka mbali zonse ziwiri — ponse pa “nsidze” ndi “ngale”.

Malo m’banja la 炒青

Kuti musasokoneze mizere:

• 眉茶 / 长炒青 — kupiringizika kwautali “nga nsidze” → 特珍 · 珍眉 · 凤眉 · 雨茶 · 贡熙 · 秀眉.
• 珠茶 / 圆炒青 (平水珠茶, Gunpowder) — kupiringizika kozungulira “nga ngale”, chithunzi cha mbiri yakale cha Pingshui ku Shaoxing (Zhejiang), “ngale yobiriwira”, yolimba pa kuwiritsa kambiri, mtundu wa 天坛. Rafini yake imaperekanso 珠茶/雨茶/秀眉.

Mizere yonse iwiri — zinsanamira zotumizidwa kunja za 炒青 wobiriwira, zomwe zimadutsa munjira zomwezo za ku Afirika.

Kukoma ndi kuwiritsa

Mbiri ya banja la Chunmee ndi yodziwikirika: tsamba louma lowala lobiriwira ndi kupiringizika “nga nsidze”, fungo loyera la chestnut (栗香), kapangidwe kolimba, kosasinthasintha, kofewa-kodzala (醇厚 chúnhòu) kopanda zitsamba zoopsa. Magiredi apamwamba (特珍, 珍眉) amapereka kapu yoyera, yosonkhanitsidwa kwambiri; apansi (秀眉) — ndiosavuta komanso opepuka, okhala ndi kukoma kwachidule kwam’mbuyo.

Zowongolera zenizeni pa kuwiritsa 炒青 wobiriwira:

• madzi osati owira, pafupifupi 80 – 85 °C, kuti musa “wotche” tsamba;
• galasi kapena gaiwan, kuti muwone kutambasuka kwa kupiringizika;
• kuthira kwachidule, kukulitsa malinga ndi kukoma;
• magiredi akulu osasinthasintha (特珍, 珍眉) amakhala ndi kuwiritsa kochulukirapo kusiyana ndi 秀眉 wochepa.

Iyi ndi tiyi wobiriwira wantchito, “watsiku ndi tsiku” — mphamvu zake sizili m’mafunso ang’onoang’ono a tiyi wamapiri wamanja, koma mu chiyero chodalirika, chobwerezedwa ndi thupi.

Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe

Banja la méichá, kwenikweni, ndi mbiri yamalonda. Magiredi a 熙春/贡熙 (Hyson) amawonekera m’malonda a ku Ulaya a zaka za zana la 18, pomwe tiyi wobiriwira waku China anali chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri ku England ndi kontinenti. Pambuyo pake, ogula wamkulu sanalinso Kumadzulo, koma Maghribu: “Chun Mee” ndi Gunpowder adalowa m’maziko a chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku Morocco ndi chikhalidwe chowonjezereka cha tiyi cha Kumpoto ndi Kumadzulo kwa Afirika, komwe tiyi wobiriwira ndi timbewu tonunkhira ndi shuga ndi mwambo wapadera wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mkati mwa China, njira yomweyo ya 炒青 wautali idadyetsa awiri a mbiri yakale a 徽州 “祁红屯绿” ndipo idapanga maukonde olimba a zizindikiro zachigawo malinga ndi komwe amachokera. Masiku ano, 婺绿 wa ku Wuyuan ndiwodziwikirika ngati katundu wa organic wopita ku EU.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire m’banjamo

Popeza magiredi onse amachokera ku máochá amodzi kudzera mu kusanja, yang’anani pa maonekedwe ndi gawo, osati “mtundu”:

• 特珍 / 珍眉 — “nsidze” zazitali, zosasinthasintha, zoyera; gawo lalikulu kapena lapakati-lalikulu; zidutswa zochepa.
• 凤眉 / 针眉 — zoonekeratu kucheperako ndi zazing’ono, “zonga singano” kwambiri.
• 雨茶 — tinthu tating’onoting’ono topiringizika; kumbukirani kuti tingachokere komanso kumzera wa 珠茶.
• 贡熙 — gawo lapadera la 炒青 lokhala ndi mzere wa ku Ulaya wa “Hyson”, limapezeka m’mizere yonse iwiri.
• 秀眉 — chinthu chaching’ono kwambiri komanso chopepuka; chowala kwambiri mu kapu, chosavuta m’thupi.

Ndipo kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi geometry: “nsidze” (长炒青) motsutsana ndi “ngale” (圆炒青/珠茶). Ngati kupiringizika ndi kwautali ndi kopindika — iyi ndi banja la méichá; ngati ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono tozungulira — iyi ndi Gunpowder tsopano, ngakhale ili ndi mayina omwewo a magiredi a mchira.