píngshuǐ zhūchá

Píngshuǐ zhūchá (平水珠茶), yomwe imadziwika pa misika yapadziko lonse ngati gunpowder, ndi chizindikiro cha tiyi wobiriwira waku China wotumizidwa kunja: masamba opindidwa molimba ngati timiyala tozungulira ochokera kudera la Píngshuǐ (平水) pafupi ndi Shaoxing m’chigawo cha Zhejiang, omwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri amapita ku North ndi West Africa. “Mng’alu wobiriwira” wochokera ku Shaoxing, wopindidwa kuti uzitha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali komanso kumwa tiyi wamphamvu wa ku Africa, akadali chimodzi mwa nkhope zodziwika bwino kwambiri za 炒青绿茶 waku China padziko lonse lapansi.

1. M’agulu ake ndi Chiyambi Chake:

• Mtundu: tiyi wobiriwira (炒青绿茶 — tiyi wobiriwira wowotchedwa).
• Gulu: 圆炒青 (yuán chǎoqīng) — tiyi wobiriwira “wowotchedwa wozungulira,” mosiyana ndi 长炒青 (cháng chǎoqīng), “wowotchedwa wautali,” womwe amapangidwira 眉茶 (méichá, Chunmee) ndi masamba ake “onga nsidze.” Ngati méichá amapindidwa m’mizere yopyapyala yokhotakhota, ndiye kuti zhūchá amapindidwa m’mipira yolimba — 珠 (zhū) amatanthauza “ngale.”
• Dzina lapadziko lonse: gunpowder (“tiyi wa ufa wamfuti”).
• Chiyambi: dera la Píngshuǐ (平水) pafupi ndi mzinda wa Shaoxing (绍兴) kumpoto kwa chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江).
• Chapadera cha malo: Píngshuǐ m’mbiri yakale sikunali minda yokha, koma malo akuluakulu amalonda ndi okonza — apa ndi pamene tiyi wobiriwira wa maocha wochokera m’mapiri a m’chigawochi ankasonkhanitsidwa, kukonzedwa kuti afike pa mulingo wotumizidwa kunja, ndi kupangidwa kukhala “ngale” yodziwika bwino. Nchifukwa chake dzina lamalonda linakhazikika pagulu lonse — 平水珠茶, kutengera dzina la malo amsika, osati dimba limodzi.

2. Mbiri Yake ndi Tanthauzo Lake pa Chikhalidwe:

Tiyi wobiriwira wopindidwa m’mipira wochokera ku Zhejiang adalowa mu malonda akumadzulo mmodzi mwa oyamba. M’mindandanda yamitengo yaku Europe ya zaka za zana la 18, maudindo monga 熙春/贡熙 (Hyson) ndi magulu ena ofanana amatchulidwa — awa anali makolo a tiyi wamakono wa珠茶. Dzina lachingerezi lakuti gunpowder linakhazikika ngati dzina lamalonda la tiyi wobiriwira wopindidwa molimba: timiyala tating’ono tolimba tinkapirira bwino maulendo ataliatali apanyanja kuposa masamba osalimba, ndipo tinkasunga fungo lake kwanthawi yayitali — phindu lenileni munthawi ya malonda apanyanja.

M’zaka za zana la 20, ogula kwambiri sanali akumadzulo, koma kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa — makamaka Morocco. Mwambo wa tiyi wa ku Maghreb — wokhala ndi mbale yasiliva, kutsanulira tiyi mmwamba ndi timbewu ta timbewu ta mint — umazungulira tiyi wobiriwira waku China, ndipo Píngshuǐ zhūchá pansi pa chizindikiro cha “Kachisi Wakumwamba” adakhala mmodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Umu ndi momwe tiyi wochokera ku Shaoxing adasinthira kukhala mlatho wa chikhalidwe pakati pa Zhejiang ndi dziko la Aarabu-Aberber, pomwe mkati mwa China momwe adakhalabe osadziwika ngati chakumwa chodziwika — adakhalapo makamaka ngati chizindikiro chotumizidwa kunja.

4. Malo ake ndi Zinthu Zapadera za Kulima:

Mapiri a tiyi a ku Zhejiang amapereka zinthu zoyenerera kupangira tiyi wa 炒青 wopindidwa kukhala ngati timiyala: masamba amatha kusunga mawonekedwe ake popindidwa kwanthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala ndi fungo laling’ono la “mabokosi” (栗香, lìxiāng), lomwe limayamikiridwa mu tiyi wamphamvu, womwe ungatenthedwe maulendo angapo. Chifukwa chakulimba kwa timiyala tating’onoting’ono ta gunpowder timapirira kutenthedwa maulendo angapo — khalidwe la 耐泡 (nàipào, kulimba pakutentha), lofunika kwambiri kumisika komwe tiyi amawiritsa ndikuperekedwa wokoma komanso wamphamvu.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Mwaluso, uyu ndi 炒青绿茶: pambuyo pokumba, masamba amaphikidwa ndi kutentha (杀青, shāqīng), zomwe zimayimitsa njira za enzyme ndikusunga mtundu wobiriwira, kenako amapindidwa, ndipo — gawo lofunika kwambiri — amapindidwa kwanthawi yayitali ndikuumitsidwa pang’onopang’ono. Ndiko kupindika kwa maola ambiri kumene kumapangitsa kuti masamba adzipinda okha, ndikupanga timiyala tolimba, tolemetsa, ngati konyezimira ngati chitsulo. Timiyala tating’onoting’ono komanso tolimba mofanana ndi momwe timakhalira tidikiti, ndiye kuti tili ndi gredi yapamwamba.

Magiredi ndi kukonza (精制). Maocha wamba payekha si katundu weniweni. Pa siteji ya 精制 (jīngzhì, kuyeretsa), tiyi amasefa, kuwulutsa mphepo, kusankha pamanja, ndi kuumitsa, kuwagawanitsa malinga ndi kukula ndi maonekedwe. Kuchokera pa tiyi wa mtundu wa珠茶, pokonza kumeneku amatulutsa osati 珠茶 yokha ya ma kukula kosiyanasiyana, komanso magiredi ogwirizana:

• 雨茶 (yǔchá, Young Hyson) — tiyi wamfupi wopindidwa womwe umachotsedwa, umene umapezeka mu kupanga onse a 眉 ndi 珠.
• 贡熙 (gòngxī, Hyson) — giredi ya mbiri yakale, yomwe inali kutumizidwa ku Ulaya ndi mayina a 熙春/贡熙 kale m’zaka za zana la 18.
• 秀眉 (xiùméi, Sowmee) — tiyi wochepa komanso wopepuka wotsala pansi.

Kotero, katundu wosakanizidwa amodzi akasanjidwa amagawanika kukhala magulu osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mayina ndi mitengo yosiyana — dongosolo lomangidwa kuti likwaniritse zosowa za malonda akunja.

Miyezo ndi zizindikiro zamalonda. Píngshuǐ zhūchá ndi katundu wa m’dongosolo la malonda akunja ololedwa ndi malamulo okhwima, pomwe magiredi amatsimikiziridwa ndi kufanana kwa kukula kwa timiyala, kulimba kwake, kukhala koyera (kupanda timitengo ndi zidutswa), ndi kukhazikika kwa kukoma kwake pakampani iliyonse. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino chotumizidwa kunja chinali 天坛牌 (Tiāntán pái) — “Kachisi Wakumwamba,” pomwe gunpowder adatumizidwa kwa zaka zambiri kumisika yakunja ndipo adapeza mbiri ya tiyi wobiriwira waku China womwe ungatengedwe ngati muyezo.

6. Mphamvu Zake Zomveka:

Ali owuma, amawoneka ngati timiyala tating’ono tolimba, tobiriwira kwambiri chakuda ndi konyezimira ngati siliva-yotuwa, tolemetsa komanso toliralira. Fungo lake ndi lowotchedwa kwambiri, ndi fungo la mabokosi (栗香) komanso laling’ono lofanana ndi utsi, nchifukwa chake amatchedwa kumadzulo “tiyi wa ufa wamfuti”: chifukwa cha maonekedwe a timiyala tofanana ndi zipolopolo, komanso chifukwa cha fungo laling’ono “lopsereza” lomwe amalonda akumadzulo amalingalira kuti ndi la ufa wamfuti.

Kutenthedwa kwa Píngshuǐ zhūchá kumakhala kokwanira, kolimba, ndi kakomedwe kowawa kwenikweni komanso kokhalitsa; timiyala timatseguka pang’onopang’ono, choncho tiyi amapirira kutenthedwa maulendo angapo.

9. Kutentha:

“Ngale” yolimba imapereka mphamvu yokhazikika, osaphwanyika, — izi ndi zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala wofunikira mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku Maghreb, pomwe tiyi wobiriwira amatenthedwa mwamphamvu, kuwiritsidwa mobwerezabwereza, kutsekemera kwambiri, ndi kuperekedwa ndi mulu wa timbewu ta mint.

• Kutentha kopepuka: imangoikani masamba ochepa kuposa momwe mungaganizire potengera kuchuluka kwake — timiyala ndi tolemetsa ndipo tidzatseguka, — ndipo tengani madzi otentha, koma osati owira mwamphamvu, ndikuwonjezera nthawi pamene “ngale” zikutseguka.
• Njira ya ku Maghreb: amatenga tiyi wochuluka, madzi owira, ndi shuga, ndipo phuluso loyamba lalifupi nthawi zambiri amalitsanulira.

11. Mtengo ndi Zinthu Zonyenga:

• Maonekedwe ake kopambana. 珠茶 weniweni ndi timiyala tolimba, tolemetsa, tofana kukula kwake, osati timagulu tosasalimba. Timiyala tating’ono komanso tofana, ndiye kuti tili ndi giredi yapamwamba. Mizere yayitali yokhotakhota ndiyo 眉茶/Chunmee, gulu lofanana koma losiyana (长炒青 motsutsana ndi 圆炒青).
• Mtundu ndi konyezimira. Wobiriwira chakuda ndi konyezimira ngati imvi-siliva; mtundu wowala modabwitsa, “wopakidwa utoto” ndi chifukwa choti mukhale tcheru.
• Kulemera ndi phokoso. Timiyala tating’ono tabwino ndi tolemetsa ndipo timalira pang’ono; timiyala topepuka, tafumbi lokhala ndi zidutswa zambiri zimasonyeza kuti ndi giredi yotsika yomwe idachotsedwa.
• Kutseguka. Pakutentha, 珠茶 weniweni amatseguka pang’onopang’ono kukhala masamba athunthu; ngati mu kapu muli zidutswa zazing’ono zokha — ndiye kuti muli ndi giredi yotsika kwambiri kapena chonyenga.
• Fungo. Fungo lowotchedwa, la mabokosi ndi utsi ndi labwinobwino kwa 圆炒青; funga kapena “kupsa” kozama ndi vuto.
• Chiyambi ndi chizindikiro. Kugwirizana ndi Píngshuǐ / Shaoxing mu Zhejiang ndi chizindikiro chodziwika chotumizidwa kunja 天坛 (Kachisi Wakumwamba) ndi zizindikiro za gulu lenileni.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Dzina la gulu la 平水珠茶 likuchokera ku dzina la malo amsika ndi okonza a Píngshuǐ, osati ku dimba limodzi la tiyi.
• Liwu lachingerezi “gunpowder” linachokera ku malingaliro awiri: maonekedwe a timiyala tofanana ndi zipolopolo, ndi kakomedwe kofanana “kopsereza.”
• Iyi ndi nthawi yosowa, pomwe tiyi wobiriwira waku China adadziwika kwambiri kunja kwa China — adakhalabe wosadziwika mkati mwa China ngati chakumwa chodziwika bwino, ndikukhala ngati chizindikiro chotumizidwa kunja chachikulu.