lǜchá zàoxíng

Maonekedwe a tiyi wobiriwira si gulu lapadera, koma ndi mzere wodutsa m’magulu onse: ndi zotsatira za kukulunga (róu niǎn 揉捻) ndi kuumba (zuò xíng 做形), zomwe zimadutsa m’miyambo yonse ya zigawo ndikupangitsa tiyi kudziwika ngakhale asanaphike. Pali masilueti asanu ndi atatu ovomerezeka: 扁 · 卷曲螺 · 针 · 兰花 · 片 · 朵 · 颗粒珠 · 眉.

Chifukwa chake maonekedwe ndi mzere, osati mtundu

M’dongosolo la tiyi wobiriwira lǜ chá 绿茶, kuumba kumakhala kosiyana. Zopangira (mtundu wa masamba, mphukira, dera) ndi njira yolekera masamba obiriwira (shā qīng 杀青 — mwa kuwotcha, nthunzi, kapena kutentha kwina) zimayika “njira” ya tiyi, koma makina omaliza — momwe tsamba linakanikizidwira, kukulungidwa, kupiringidwa kapena kusiyidwa lomwe — ndi amene amasandutsa unyinji wa masamba osaphika kukhala chinthu chokonzeka ndi silueti yakeyake. Zizindikiro ziwiri zazikulu za tiyi wobiriwira waku China zimadziwika ndi maonekedwe ake: lóng jǐng 龙井 ndiye chitsanzo chabwino cha maonekedwe afulati, ndipo bì luó chūn 碧螺春 ndiye chitsanzo cha maonekedwe opiringizika ngati chitumbuwa. Maonekedwe ena amapezeka m’madera osiyanasiyana, koma lingaliro ndi limodzi: maonekedwe ndi cholembera chomaliza, chowoneka cha katswiri.

Pansipa pali masilueti asanu ndi atatu ovomerezeka a mzere wa maonekedwe.

扁形 — maonekedwe afulati (SH-BIAN)

Tiyi yafulati (biǎn xíng 扁形, komanso biǎn píng 扁平) ndi tsamba lophwanyidwa, losalala, ndi lowongoka. Limatheka pokanikiza ndi kukulungira pa poto yotentha: gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi huī guō 辉锅 (kuwotcha komaliza ndi kukanikiza), kochitidwa ndi manja kapena makina. Chitsanzo cha maonekedwewa ndi xī hú lóng jǐng 西湖龙井, Longjing wa kumadzulo kwa nyanja kuchokera ku Hangzhou.

M’banja la afulati mulinso lǎo zhú dà fāng 老竹大方 ndi qiān dǎo yù yè 千岛玉叶. Powoneka, tiyi wotere amaoneka ngati “masamba” owongoka — opanda kupiringizika, opanda mitsitsi, ndi pamwamba pake posalala ngati matte. Maonekedwe abwino afulati amaonekera powayang’ana padzuwa: masamba ndi owongoka, ophwanyidwa, opanda kutukumuka kapena kupindika.

卷曲/螺形 — maonekedwe opiringizika ngati chitumbuwa (SH-LUO)

Awa ndi mitsitsi ndi “nkhono” zokhala ndi ubweya wochuluka (háo xiǎn 毫显). Tsamba limakulungidwa kukhala chitumbuwa cholimba, pomwe ubweya wa siliva wa mphukira umaonekera bwino. Chitsanzo ndi dòng tíng bì luó chūn 洞庭碧螺春 ndi dzina lake lodziwika bwino la mbiri xià shà rén xiāng 吓煞人香, “kununkhira koopsa kufikira kupha”.

M’gulu lomweli mulinso dū yún máo jiān 都匀毛尖 ndi méng dǐng gān lù 蒙顶甘露. Chizindikiro cha khalidwe pano ndi kukangana kwa mitsitsi ndi kuchuluka kwa ubweya: zopangira zikakhala zochepera ndipo kukulunga kwa manja kuli koyenera, “nkhono” imakhala yaying’ono komanso yokongola.

针形/直条 — maonekedwe achingano, owongoka (SH-ZHEN)

Chingano chowongoka chochepa. Kufotokozera kovomerezeka ndi xì yuán jǐn zhí 细圆紧直: chochepa, chozungulira mkati, cholimba komanso chowongoka. Tsamba limakokedwa popanda kulilola kuzungulira, kusunga kuwongoka kwake.

Oyimira: nán jīng yǔ huā chá 南京雨花茶, ān huà sōng zhēn 安化松针, xìn yáng máo jiān 信阳毛尖. Maonekedwe achingano ndi okhudza malamulo a mzere: zidutswa zowongoka zofanana popanda kukhotakhota, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi ubweya woonekera pa zopangira za mphukira.

兰花形 — maonekedwe ngati maluwa a orchid (SH-LAN)

“Orchid” ndi maonekedwe aakulu malinga ndi mfundo liǎng yè bào yá 两叶抱芽: masamba awiri akumbatira mphukira, kupanga “chipale-cha maluwa” chophwanyika, chowongoka, ndi chotambasuka. Awa ndiye maonekedwe aakulu kwambiri pakati pa maonekedwe a masamba aakulu.

Zizindikiro ndi tài píng hóu kuí 太平猴魁 ndi shū chéng lán huā 舒城兰花. Houkui imadziwika nthawi yomweyo: masamba awiri aatali, ophwanyika molunjika okhala ndi mphukira mkati, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chizindikiro cha ukonde pamwamba pake. Pano, chofunika ndi kukula ndi kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe “kokumbatira”.

片形 — maonekedwe ngati kachidutswa kopyapyala (SH-PIAN)

Chapadera pa mzere wonsewo. Kachidutswa (piàn xíng 片形) ndi tsamba limodzi lopanda mphukira kapena tsinde. Mfundo yokonza ndi dān piàn 单片 ndikuchotsa mphukira ndi kanthambi (qù yá qù gěng 去芽去梗).

Woimira wakale yekha ndi liù ān guā piàn 六安瓜片. Ichi ndichosiyana ndi lamulo wamba “mphukira zikachuluka, ndiye gulu lapamwamba”: pano, tsamba limodzi lokhwima limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadala, zomwe zimapereka “mbewu ya dzungu” yapadera yothina, yopanda ubweya, pouma.

朵形/曲条 — mphukira yathunthu-tsamba (SH-DUO)

“Duwa” kapena kanthambi kopindika (duǒ xíng 朵形 / qū tiáo 曲条) ndi maonekedwe achilengedwe a “lilime la mpheta” (què shé 雀舌) ndi kupindika pang’ono. Tsamba silikokedwa kukhala chingano kapena kukanikizidwa kukhala lathyathyathya: limaloledwa kusunga silueti yake yachilengedwe, yofanana ndi mphukira yopindika pang’ono.

Oyimira ndi huáng shān máo fēng 黄山毛峰 (mu mtundu wa què shé) ndi lú shān yún wù 庐山云雾. Kukulunga pano ndikochepa, kotero maonekedwe amawoneka “amoyo”, achilengedwe, ndi masamba otseguka pang’ono mozungulira mphukira.

颗粒/珠形 — pellet, ngale (SH-ZHU)

Kampira kophwinyidwa molimba. Awa ndiye maonekedwe ophwinyika kwambiri: tsamba limapiringizidwa kukhala pellet yolimba ya “ngale”. Chachikale ndi píng shuǐ zhū chá 平水珠茶, m’misika yotumiza kunja amadziwika kuti gunpowder, komanso yǒng xī huǒ qīng 涌溪火青.

Tiyi wa ngale m’mbiri anali chinthu chotumizidwa kunja: kukulungidwa molimba kumateteza tsamba, choncho tiyi ameneyu amasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo amapirira mayendedwe. Mu kapu, ma pellet amatseguka pang’onopang’ono, kupereka madzi ake.

眉形 — maonekedwe ngati nsidze (SH-MEI)

“Nsidze” (méi xíng 眉形, eyebrow) ndi tsamba lalitali lopindika, looneka ngati nsidze. Ichi ndi chinthu chokonzedwanso kuchokera ku zopangira zazitali zowotchedwa cháng chǎo qīng 长炒青 ndi kuyengedwa kotsatira (精制).

Pansi pa ambulera ya méi chá 眉茶 pali magawo osankhira — zhēn méi 珍眉, gòng xī 贡熙, tè zhēn 特针. Tiyi wa nsidze ndi gawo lalikulu la katundu wotumizidwa kunja waku China (kuphatikiza tiyi woswedwa komanso magawo otumizidwa kunja, 绿碎/出口). Maonekedwe ake samapangidwa pagawo loyamba la kupanga, koma ndi zotsatira za kuyenga kotsatira ndi kusanja kwa tiyi waatali wa chaoqing.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire maonekedwe mwachizolowezi

Luso lalikulu ndi kuwerenga tsamba louma ngati “siginecha” ya teknoloji:

• Yafulati motsutsana ndi yachingano: onse ndi owongoka, koma yafulati ndi yophwanyidwa ngati “masamba” (chizindikiro cha huī guō), yachingano ndi yozungulira mkati, yochepa komanso yolimba (xì yuán jǐn zhí).
• Yopiringizika yachitumbuwa motsutsana ndi pellet: chitumbuwa (luó 螺) ndi mtsitsi wotseguka wokhala ndi ubweya wooneka; pellet (zhū 珠) ndi kampira kotsekeka kolimba kopanda ubweya, kokulungidwa “mwakawuma”.
• Orchid motsutsana ndi kachidutswa: orchid ndi tsamba lalikulu lamapasa, lokumbatira mphukira (liǎng yè bào yá); kachidutswa ndi tsamba limodzi mwadala lopanda mphukira ndi kanthambi (chapadera cha 六安瓜片).
• Duwa motsutsana ndi chingano: “duwa” (duǒ) limasunga kupindika kwachilengedwe ndi kutseguka kwa què shé; chingano ndi chowongoka ndi chotambasuka.
• Nsidze: mzere wokhotakhota wautali ndi chizindikiro cha cháng chǎo qīng choyengedwa, osati tiyi watsopano wa masika wa “dzina”.

Kumvetsetsa mzere wa maonekedwe kumathandiza kuti musasokoneze dera ndi ukadaulo: dera lomwelo limatha kutulutsa tiyi wafulati komanso wopiringizika, ndipo silueti yodziwika bwino nthawi zonse ndi kukambirana pakati pa mtundu wa zopangira, njira yolekera masamba obiriwira, ndi kayendedwe kotsiriza ka dzanja kapena makina komwe tsamba lidapezera mawonekedwe ake omaliza.