zhōng chá shú bǐng

Chzhuncha shu puer (中茶熟饼, Zhōngchá shú bǐng) ndi puer wokalamba (wophikidwa mochita kupanga, wothira madzi m’mulu), wopanikizidwa ngati chitumbuwa, wopangidwa pansi pa chizindikiro chakale kwambiri ndi chodziwika bwino cha tiyi waku China “Chzhuncha” (中茶, Zhōngchá). Chizindikirochi ndi cha kampani ya boma, yomwe inayambitsa makampani onse amakono a puer waku Yunnan, choncho sizokhudza mtundu umodzi wokha, koma kalembedwe kake ndi mzere wazogulitsa. Zopangira ndi tiyi wa masamba akuluakulu ochokera ku chigawo cha Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), ndipo njira yofunika kwambiri ndiyo kuyika mumulu wonyowa (渥堆, wò duī), yomwe inakonzedwa mzaka za m’ma 1970. Chizindikiro cha kampani ndi zilembo zisanu ndi zitatu “chzhun” (中) zozungulira chilembo chapakati “cha” (茶) ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zodziwika kwambiri m’mbiri ya puer. Tiyi amamuyamikira chifukwa cha khalidwe lokhazikika, kukoma kodziwika kwa “fakitale” ndi kufunika kwa mbiri ya chizindikiro.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: puer (普洱茶, pǔ’ěr chá), mtundu wokalamba/wophikidwa m’lulu, shu puer (熟茶, shú chá).
Maonekedwe: chitumbuwa chopanikizidwa (饼, bǐng), cholemera chachikale pafupifupi 357 g; mwamwambo zitumbuwa zisanu ndi ziwiri zinkamangidwa mu mtolo (七子饼, qīzǐ bǐng).
Chizindikiro: “Chzhuncha” (中茶, Zhōngchá).
Chiyambi: chigawo cha Yunnan, China.
Mwini kulembedwa: China Tea Company, tsopano “Chzhunguo chae gufen yusyan gunsy” (中国茶叶股份有限公司), yomwe ili m’gulu la boma la COFCO (中粮集团, Zhōngliáng jítuán).

Malinga ndi muyezo wadziko wa puer (GB/T 22111-2008 “Chogulitsa chokhala ndi chisonyezo cha malo. Puer”), puer angatchedwe tiyi wopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba akuluakulu aku Yunnan, woumitsidwa padzuwa m’dera lovomerezeka. Zogulitsa pansi pa chizindikiro “Chzhuncha” zimapangidwa m’mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi maphikidwe osiyanasiyana, choncho “Chzhuncha shu puer” ndi gulu la zitumbuwa zophatikizidwa ndi chizindikiro ndi njira, osati chinthu chimodzi.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kampani: China Tea Company (中国茶业公司, Zhōngguó cháyè gōngsī) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1949.
Chizindikiro cha malonda: chizindikiro “Chzhuncha” ndi logo “zisanu ndi zitatu chzhun” (八中商标, bā zhōng shāngbiāo) chinalembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950.
Kubadwa kwa shu puer: njira yoyika mumulu wonyowa inkayesedwa mu theka loyamba la zaka za m’ma 1970 (cha m’ma 1973–1975) m’mafakitale a Kunming (昆明茶厂, Kūnmíng cháchǎng) ndi Menghai (勐海茶厂, Měnghǎi cháchǎng).

Kusintha ndi privatization ya zaka za m’ma 1980-1990 zisanachitike, pafupifupi puer wonse waku Yunnan, wopita ku msika wamkati ndi wogulitsa kunja, ankatulutsidwa pansi pa chizindikiro chimodzi “Chzhuncha”. Tiyi otchuka a zaka za m’ma 1950 “olembedwa” - “chizindikiro chofiira” (红印, hóng yìn), “chizindikiro chobiriwira” (绿印, lǜ yìn), “chizindikiro chachikasu” (黄印, huáng yìn), otchulidwa ndi mtundu wa chilembo chapakati 茶 pa pepala lomaliza, anali, mwachikhalidwe, puer wosaphika (生, shēng), koma ndiwo omwe anakhazikitsa udindo wopembedwa wa chizindikirocho. Zitumbuwa za shu zokalamba za “Chzhuncha” zinawonekera pambuyo poti njira yoyika mumulu itaphunziridwa ndipo zinakhala chitsanzo cha “kukoma kwakale kwa fakitale”.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Zopangira:

Mtundu wa chomera: Kameliya wa ku China wa Asamu (Camellia sinensis var. assamica), m’mwambo waku China - mtundu wa masamba akuluakulu (大叶种, dà yè zhǒng).
Zopangira: maocha wobiriwira woumitsidwa padzuwa (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
Tsamba: lalikulu, ngati chikopa, lokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zotulukira, zomwe ndi zofunika pakupesa kwanthawi yayitali.

Tiyi wamasamba akuluakulu aku Yunnan amadziwika ndi mankhwala ochuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa polyphenols, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala woyenera kupanga puer wosaphika komanso wophikidwa. Chizindikiro “Chzhuncha” chimagwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza (拼配, pīnpèi) - kusakaniza zopangira zochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana, zokolola ndi magiredi a masamba kuti akwaniritse mbiri yokhazikika pakati pamagulu.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Dera: chigawo cha Yunnan, kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa China.
Magawo akuluakulu olandirira zopangira: Xishuangbanna Prefecture (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), mzinda wa Puer (普洱, Pǔ’ěr, kale Simao), mzinda wa Lincang (临沧, Líncāng), Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān).
Kutalika kwa minda: pafupifupi 1000-2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Nyengo: yotengera mvula ya subtropical ndi tropical, ndi nyengo yamvula yodziwika.

Yunnan ili m’madera a 21-29° kumpoto; madera akummwera a tiyi a Xishuangbanna ali pafupifupi 21-22° kumpoto. Kuphatikiza kwa kutalika, nkhungu, dothi lolemera ndi nyengo yozizira yofewa kumapanga zopangira ndi thupi lolimba la chakumwa. Popeza “Chzhuncha” imagwira ntchito ndi zopangira zochokera kumadera ambiri, malo enieni a chitumbuwa chinalembedwa pa phukusi.

5. Njira Yopangira:

Gawo 1. Kupanga maocha: kuthyola (采摘, cǎizhāi), kufowoketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo), kuletsa kubiriwira ndi kutentha (杀青, shāqīng), kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn), kuumitsa padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng).
Gawo 2. Kuyika mumulu wonyowa (渥堆, wò duī): ntchito yaikulu, yosiyanitsa shu ndi sheng puer.
Gawo 3. Kupanikizana: kuyeza, kutenthetsa ndi nthunzi, kupanga chitumbuwa, kuumitsa.
Gawo 4. Kuphatikiza: pepala lomaliza (棉纸, mián zhǐ), kalebulo kakang’ono kamkati (内飞, nèifēi), katsamba koyikamo (内票, nèipiào), mtolo (筒, tǒng).

Pakuyika mumulu, maocha asonkhanitsidwa mu milu, kunyowetsedwa (洒水, sǎ shuǐ) ndi kuphimbidwa; chifukwa cha zochita za tizilombo tating’onoting’ono, makamaka black aspergillus (黑曲霉, hēi qū méi) ndi yisiti, kutentha mkati mwa mulu kumakwera kufika 50-65 °C. Mulu umagadabuzidwa nthawi ndi nthawi (翻堆, fān duī) kuti ukhale wofanana. Njirayi imatenga pafupifupi masabata angapo mpaka miyezi iwiri kutengera maphikidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kupesa. Kenako misa imaumitsidwa, kusanjidwa m’magiredi, kusakanizidwa ndi kupanikizidwa ndi nthunzi kukhala zitumbuwa.

6. Makhalidwe a Kakomedwe ndi Kununkhira:

Tsamba louma: lofiirira loderapo, lofiira-bulauni, nthawi zambiri lokhala ndi masamba agolide (金毫, jīn háo).
Chakumwa: kuchokera kufiira-bulauni kakuya mpaka kastani woderapo; ndi kukalamba kumakhala kowala kwambiri komanso kowala.
Kununkhira: kokalamba, “chakale” (陈香, chén xiāng) - nkhuni-zobiriwira, ndi zonunkhira za zipatso zouma za kanjedza, nthawi zina kafura (樟香, zhāng xiāng) kapena njere zotentha.
Kukoma: kofewa, kozungulira, kolimba (醇厚, chún hòu), ndi kuwawa kochepa ndi kukhwimitsa, kukoma kotalika kwapambuyo (回甘, huí gān).

Mu shu puer wachinyamata pakhoza kukhala “kukoma kwa mulu” (堆味, duī wèi) - kakomedwe kodziwika ka kuyika kumene kumachitika posachedwa, komwe kumatha pang’onopang’ono pakusunga, kusiya mbiri yoyera yokalamba.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Ma polyphenols: pakuwira, kuchuluka kwa makatekini (儿茶素, ér chá sù) kumatsika kwambiri.
Zithunzithunzi: mapangidwe a thearubigins ndipo makamaka theabrownins (茶褐素, chá hè sù), zomwe zimapatsa chakumwa mtundu wakuda wofiira-bulauni.
Kafeini (咖啡碱, kāfēi jiǎn): imasungidwa, ngakhale imamveka yofewa kuposa mu tiyi wobiriwira.
Ma polysaccharides ndi shuga osungunuka: amapatsa thupi la chakumwa kukhuthala ndi kakomedwe kakang’ono.

Kuyika mumulu wonyowa kumanganso biochemistry ya tsamba: kusintha kwakukulu kwa polyphenols ndi microbial ndi okosijeni kumachepetsa kukhwimitsa ndi kupanga zinthu zapadera za kuwira zomwe zimakhudza mtundu, “kufewa” ndi fungo lachikhalidwe la shu puer womalizidwa.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Kugaya chakudya: shu puer amamwa mwamwambo pambuyo pa chakudya chambiri ngati njira “yochepetsera m’mimba”.
Chikhalidwe cha kutentha: mosiyana ndi puer wosaphika “wozizira”, wophikidwa amawonedwa ngati “wotentha” ndi wofewa m’mimba.
Kagayidwe kazakudya: pali zofufuza za chikoka cha puer wophikidwa pa lipid metabolism, komabe zotsatira siziyenera kumasuliridwa ngati zotsimikizika zachipatala.

Zopindulitsazi zikuwonetsa maganizo achikhalidwe ndi deta yoyambirira ya sayansi ndipo si malingaliro azachipatala. Chikhalidwe chokalamba ndi kukhwimitsa kochepa kumapangitsa tiyi uyu kukhala wabwino pakumwa pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza nthawi yamadzulo kwa anthu omwe amamva chakumwa chokhwimitsa.

9. Kupanga:

Ziwiya: gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) kapena tiyapot wochokera ku dongo la Yixing (紫砂壶, zǐshā hú); tiyapot wadongo umafewetsa bwino chakumwa.
Madzi: ofikitsidwa pa kuwira, 95-100 °C.
Mlingo: pafupifupi 7-8 g masamba pa 100-120 ml (pafupifupi 1:15).
Kutsuka: kutsuka mwachangu kumodzi kapena kawiri pa masekondi 5-10; chakumwa chimachotsedwa.
Kuthira: koyamba masekondi 5-10, kenako nthawi yowonjezeredwa pang’onopang’ono; chitumbuwa chimapirira kuthira 10-15 kapena kuposerapo.

Musanapange, chidutswa chimachotsedwa ndi mpeni wa puer, kuyesetsa kusaphwanya tsamba. Kutsuka sikungodziwitsa tiyi wopanikizidwa, komanso kumachotsa kukoma kotheka kwa mulu mu shu wachinyamata. Pakuthira mochedwa, tiyi akhoza kuwiridwa mu tiyapot pa mbaula (煮茶, zhǔ chá), kupeza chakumwa chokhuthala, chotsekemera.

10. Kusunga:

Mtundu wa kusunga: kouma (干仓, gān cāng) nkoyenera kuposa konyowa (湿仓, shī cāng).
Mikhalidwe: kutentha kochepa, chinyezi cha mpweya pafupifupi 50-70 %, mpweya wabwino, kusowa kwa dzuwa lachindunji.
Kutalikirana ndi zonunkhira: puer amatenga mosavuta zonunkhira zina, choncho amasungidwa kutali ndi zonunkhira, zodzoladzola ndi khitchini.

Shu puer wapano kale anakumana ndi kuwira kofulumira, choncho amasintha pang’onopang’ono pakusunga kusiyana ndi wosaphika, koma pakapita nthawi “kukoma kwa mulu” kumatha, kukoma kumakhala koyera, kakuya ndi kotsekemera. Zitumbuwa zimasungidwa mu pepala lawo lobadwa nawo; kusindikiza kwathunthu nkosafunikira, popeza tiyi amafunikira mpweya wochepa.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Zogulitsa wamba: zitumbuwa zamakono za shu za “Chzhuncha” za mzere wamba zimawononga pafupifupi ma ruble mazana angapo mpaka chikwi chaching’ono pa chitumbuwa 357 g kutengera giredi la zopangira ndi zaka.
Magulu okalamba ndi a kolekishoni: mtengo umakula kwambiri, ndipo zitumbuwa zakale za fakitale zimagulitsidwa ngati chinthu cha kolekishoni.
Momwe mungayang’anire chowonadi: amayang’ana mtundu wa kusindikiza kwa logo “zisanu ndi zitatu chzhun”, pepala lomaliza, kukhalapo ndi maonekedwe a kalebulo kakang’ono kamkati (内飞) ndi katsamba koyikamo, kugwirizana kwa nambala ndi maphikidwe ndi chaka chonenedwa.

Chizindikiro “Chzhuncha” ndi chimodzi mwazonyengedwa kwambiri padziko la puer; zonena za tiyi “wakale”, “wosowa” kapena “wolembedwa” ndizoopsa kwambiri. Kujambula deti ndi maonekedwe akunja ndikosavuta kunyenga, choncho zitumbuwa zodula zokalamba ziyenera kugulidwa kwa ogulitsa odalirika okha, ndi mbiri yothekera. Pa tiyi watsiku ndi tsiku ndikwabwino kuyang’ana magulu atsopano a fakitale a mzere wovomerezeka, osati zitsanzo “zomwe zasungidwa mwachisomo” pamtengo wokayikitsa wotsika.

12. Zowonjezera Zochititsa Chidwi:

Logo: zilembo zisanu ndi zitatu 中 kuzungulira chapakati 茶 zakhazikika ngati chizindikiro cha malonda a boma a tiyi ku China.
Dongosolo la maphikidwe: muma code aku Yunnan azitumbuwa, manambala awiri oyamba nthawi zambiri amatanthauza chaka cha maphikidwe, lachitatu giredi la tsamba, lachinayi nambala ya fakitale (mwachitsanzo, 1 Kunming, 2 Menghai).
Shu wotchuka: chimodzi mwazoyimira za tiyi wophikidwa wopanikizidwa pansi pa chizindikiro “Chzhuncha” ndi njerwa 7581 ya fakitale ya Kunming (maonekedwe a njerwa, osati chitumbuwa, koma magwero omwewo).
Chizindikiro chimodzi cha nthawi: kwa zaka makumi angapo, zogulitsa zonse zaku Yunnan zogulitsa kunja ndi zamkati za puer zinkayenda pansi pa chizindikiro ichi, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala choyambira chofunikira m’mbiri ya gawoli.

Pomaliza:

Chzhuncha shu puer si mtundu wina wokha wochokera kumunda umodzi, koma kalembedwe ndi gulu lonse la zitumbuwa, zophatikizidwa ndi chizindikiro chakale kwambiri cha tiyi waku China, zopangira masamba akuluakulu aku Yunnan ndi njira yoyika mumulu wonyowa. Ndi zogulitsa pansi pa chizindikiro ichi zomwe makamaka zinakhazikitsa muyezo wa zomwe masiku ano zimamvedwa ngati “shu puer wakale wa fakitale”: chakumwa chakuda, thupi lofewa lolimba, fungo lokalamba lanthawi zina ndi dziko lapansi, ndi khalidwe lodziwikiratu pakati pamagulu.

Kuti adziwe puer wophikidwa, tiyi uyu ndi wabwino chifukwa chakupezeka kwake ndi kukhazikika, ndipo kwa wosonkhanitsa ndi wofunikira m’mbiri. Njira yanzeru ndi yosavuta: zitumbuwa zatsiku ndi tsiku zigulidwe ku mizere yatsopano yovomerezeka ndi kuyesedwa ndi kukoma, ndipo zitsanzo “zosowa” ndi “zakale” ziyenera kusamalidwa, pokumbukira kuchuluka kwa zonyenga kuzungulira chimodzi mwazizindikiro zodziwika kwambiri padziko la tiyi.

the teas described here are available from teamotea