zhào qìng huáng chá

Zhaocing Huangcha (肇庆黄茶, Zhàoqìng huángchá) ndi tiyi wachikasu wopangidwa mumzinda wa Zhaocing kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng). N’kosavuta kumvetsetsa tiyi wamene mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha tiyi wachikasu cha Guangdong, chomwe chomwe chili ndi mbiri yakale ndi Guangdong Dayeqing (广东大叶青, Guǎngdōng dàyèqīng). Tiyi amabadwira mu nyengo yofunda ndi yachinyontho ya mtsinje wa Xijiang (西江, Xījiāng) ndi mapiri a Dinghushan (鼎湖山, Dǐnghú Shān) — malo amodzi akale kwambiri osungira zachilengedwe ku China. Chomwe chimasiyanitsa chakumwa ichi ndicho kukoma kwake kofewa, kopanda kuwawa kwenikweni, ndi ‘tsamba lachikasu, madzi a tiyi achikasu’ (黄叶黄汤, huáng yè huáng tāng), zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kutenthetsa pang’ono. Zhaocing Huangcha amayimira chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha Lingnan (岭南, Lǐngnán) komanso chidwi chamakono chofuna kutsitsimutsa tiyi wachikasu kumwera kwa China.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wachikasu (黄茶, huángchá).
Kagulu kakang’ono: malinga ndi masamba, akhoza kukhala tiyi wachikasu wa masamba akuluakulu (黄大茶, huáng dà chá) kapena tiyi wachikasu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono (黄小茶, huáng xiǎo chá).
Chiyambi: mzinda wa Zhaocing (肇庆, Zhàoqìng), kumadzulo kwa Guangdong; masamba amasonkhanitsidwa m’mapiri ndi m’materasi a mtsinje wa Xijiang.
Mitundu yogwirizana: Guangdong Dayeqing (广东大叶青, Guǎngdōng dàyèqīng), komanso banja lonse la tiyi wachikasu wa China — kuyambira wa masamba ang’onoang’ono (黄芽茶, huáng yá chá) mpaka wa masamba akuluakulu.
Mulingo wa gulu: pa tiyi wachikasu onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito mulingo wa dziko GB/T 21726 «黄茶» (Tiyi Wachikasu); mulingo wodziwika bwino weniweni wa ‘Zhaocing Huangcha’ sungatsimikizidwe, choncho nambala yake sinatchulidwe pano.

Dzina lakuti «肇庆黄茶» silifotokoza mtundu umodzi wokhazikika kwenikweni, koma kalembedwe ka chigawo ka tiyi wachikasu. Mzati wake waukadaulo ndi gawo la kutenthetsa pang’ono (闷黄, mènhuáng), lomwe limasiyanitsa tiyi wachikasu aliyense ndi tiyi wobiliwira.

2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe:

Mkhalidwe wa chigawo: Zhaocing ndi malo a chikhalidwe cha mbiri ya Lingnan, odziwika ndi miyala yosema ya Duan (端砚, Duānyàn), mapiri a Qixingyan (七星岩, Qīxīngyán) ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe a Dinghushan.
Chikhalidwe cha Guangdong: kupanga tiyi wachikasu m’chigawochi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi Dayeqing, yemwe m’zaka za zana la 20 adakhazikika ngati tiyi wodziwika wachikasu wa Guangdong wa mtundu wa masamba akuluakulu.
Chitukuko chamakono: ‘Zhaocing Huangcha’ monga dzina la tiyi wachikasu wakomweko limakhudzana ndi zoyesayesa zaposachedwa zosiyanitsa kupanga tiyi m’chigawochi.

Mbiri yatsatanetsatane, yolembedwa modalirika ya tiyi wachikasu wa Zhaocing monga chizindikiro chodziyimira pawokha ndi yochepa, choncho ndi koyenera kunena za iyo ngati gawo la sukulu ya Guangdong ya tiyi wachikasu. Chikhalidwe pano chimakhazikika pa mkhalidwe wamba wa Lingnan: kuphatikiza kwa malo achinyontho otentha, malonda a mitsinje pa Xijiang, ndi chikhalidwe cha kumwa tiyi mopanda changu (m’lingaliro lalikulu la ‘gongfu-cha’ kumwera kwa China), momwe amayamikiridwa madzi a tiyi ofewa, ‘otenthetsa’ thupi.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Masamba:

Mtundu wachomera: chitsamba cha tiyi Camellia sinensis; mu nyengo yotentha ya Guangdong amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu (var. assamica) ndi mitundu yakomweko.
Mitundu ndi magulu a mitundu: magulu a mitundu yakomweko (群体种, qúntǐzhǒng), komanso mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu yolowetsedwa ndi yosankhidwa, kuphatikiza mizere ya mtundu wa masamba akuluakulu a Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng).
Mulingo wosonkhanitsa: umasiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa wofewa (nsonga yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri) pa magulu abwino kwambiri mpaka tsamba lokhwima kwambiri pa mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu.
Nyengo: kusonkhanitsa kwakukulu kumachitika m’nyengo yachisanu; nyengo yotentha imalola kusonkhanitsa kangapo pa nyengo.

Masamba akuluakulu amapereka madzi a tiyi olimba, ‘okhuthala’ ndipo amapirira bwino kutenthetsa, pomwe masamba ofewa kwambiri amatulutsa magulu abwino kwambiri okhala ndi kutsekemera koonekeratu.

4. Malo ndi Momwe Amalimidwira:

Malo: mapiri ndi mapiri otsika; phiri la Dinghushan limakwera pafupifupi mita chikwi chimodzi, koma minda yambiri ya tiyi ili pansi pake.
Nyengo: nyengo ya chinyontho ndi mvula yambiri yotentha — yotentha, yachinyontho, ndi mvula yochuluka ndi nyengo yozizira yochepa; mvula yapachaka m’derali ili pafupifupi 1500–1800 mm.
Dothi: makamaka dothi lofiira la asidi ndi lachikasu la mtundu wa laterite, lodziwika kumwera kwa China.
Nyengo ya m’dera laling’ono: kuyandikira kwa mtsinje ndi mapiri a nkhalango kumabweretsa chifunga pafupipafupi ndi chinyontho chambiri, zomwe zimafewetsa tsamba ndikuthandizira kusonkhanitsa zinthu zoyamba kununkhira.

Malo osungira zachilengedwe a Dinghushan amadziwika ndi nkhalango yolemera yotentha; minda ya tiyi yomwe ili pafupi imapindula ndi mpweya woyera, kuwala komwe kumamwazikana, ndi chinyontho chokhazikika. Sindikupereka ndondomeko yeniyeni ya malo a minda inayake, kuti ndisamapereke zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe ngati zoona; malo ozungulira ndi kuzungulira mzinda wa Zhaocing, pafupifupi 23° N ndi 112° E.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): pa kalembedwe ka masamba akuluakulu a Guangdong, pamakhala gawo lofota pang’ono, lomwe limachepetsa chinyontho ndi kuwawa (pa tiyi wina wambiri wachikasu silofunika).
Kutseka kobiriwira (杀青, shāqīng): kutenthetsa tsamba kuti aimitse kuyanika kwa puloteni ndikukhazikitsa mtundu wake.
Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuumba tsamba ndikuphwanya pang’ono ma cell kuti atulutse bwino kakomedwe pambuyo pake.
Kutenthetsa (闷黄, mènhuáng): gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi lotsimikizira — tsamba lachinyontho lotentha limasungidwa pansi pa chivundikiro, pomwe pamachitika ‘kuchikasu’ kopanda kuyanika, ma catechin amafewetsedwa, ndipo fungo la udzu limatha.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): kufikitsa pamlingo wosungika, kukhazikitsa fungo.

Kutenthetsa ndiko kumasiyanitsa tiyi wachikasu ndi tiyi wobiliwira: kupyolera mu kusintha kofewa kwa kutentha ndi chinyontho, mbali ina ya ma polyphenol imasandulika, kukoma kumakhala kozungulira, ndipo tsamba ndi madzi a tiyi amakhala ndi mtundu wodziwika wachikasu. Utali ndi kuchuluka kwa kuzungulira kwa kutenthetsa kumayendetsedwa ndi katswiri malinga ndi masamba ndi kalembedwe komwe akufuna; kuchulukitsa kumabweretsa zotsatira zankhanza ‘zopsereza’, kusachepetsa kumasiya tiyi ali pafupi kwambiri ndi wobiliwira.

6. Zokhudza Kumverera:

Tsamba louma: kuchokera ku chikasu-chobiliwira mpaka chobiliwira chakuda ndi kanyenye kagolide; pa mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu tsamba ndi lalikulu, pa yofewa ndi yophatikizika kwambiri, nthawi zina ndi tsitsi.
Madzi a tiyi: kuchokera ku chikasu chowala mpaka chikasu cha golide chokwanira, chowonekera bwino.
Fungo: lofewa, ndi mawu a mbewu zotenthedwa, zowotcha, udzu wouma ndi mawu otsekemera; nthawi zambiri palibe fungo lamphamvu la ‘udzu watsopano’ ngati wa tiyi wobiliwira.
Kukoma: kozungulira, kopanda kuwawa kwenikweni, ndi kutsekemera koonekeratu ndi kakomedwe kofewa pambuyo pake; magulu a masamba akuluakulu amapereka kakomedwe kolimba.
Tsamba lotambasuka: lachikasu mofanana, lofewa, losalala.

7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi:

Ma polyphenol a tiyi (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): amapezeka mokwanira, koma kuchuluka kwawo ndi ‘kuwawa’ kwakuthwa kumachepetsedwa ndi kutenthetsa poyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiliwira.
Ma amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): amachititsa kutsekemera ndi kukoma kokhala ngati nyama; kuyanjanitsa kwawo ndi ma polyphenol kumapanga kufewa.
Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kofanana ndi kwa tiyi (pafupifupi 2–4% ya kulemera kwa tsamba louma).
Zinthu zonunkhira: pa nthawi ya kutenthetsa, mawonekedwe a zinthu zothawa amasunthira ku matani otentha, ‘owotcha’ ndi otsekemera.

Miyezo yeniyeni ya peresenti imadalira kwambiri mtundu, masamba, ndi njira yosamalira, choncho pano zaperekedwa zongoyerekeza, osati manambala enieni. Lingaliro lalikulu la tiyi wachikasu ndiko kukonza pang’ono, komwe kumasunga mbali ina ya kutsitsimuka kwa tiyi wobiliwira, koma kumachepetsa kuwawa.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Kufewa kwa m’mimba: chifukwa cha kutenthetsa, chakumwacho nthawi zambiri chimaoneka chosazizira komanso chosakwiyitsa kuposa tiyi wobiliwira, zomwe ambiri amaziyamikira ngati ali ndi vuto losakwanira kugaya chakudya.
Kupereka mphamvu: mulingo wochepera wa caffeine umapereka chidzukulo chofewa popanda kukhala chakuthwa.
Mphamvu za antioxidant: ma polyphenol ndi zinthu zomwe amasandulika zimakhala ndi ntchito yodziwika ya antioxidant.

Mfundo zomwe zatchulidwazi zikuwonetsa malingaliro wamba pa tiyi monga chakumwa komanso pa tiyi wachikasu makamaka; izi si upangiri wa zamankhwala. Kulolera kwa munthu payekha kwa caffeine kumasiyana, ndipo pa matenda kapena pakakhala pakati, ndi kwanzeru kutsatira malangizo a dokotala.

9. Kuwira:

Chotengera: gaiwan kapena tiyapot ya porcelain/ya galasi; galasi ndi yosavuta kuona mtundu wa madzi a tiyi. Kapu yayitali imathandizanso pa magulu ofewa.
Madzi: ofewa, okhala ndi mchere wochepa; owiritsidwa kumene ndi kuziziritsidwa pang’ono.
Kutentha: pa masamba ofewa 80–85 °C, pa mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu ndi okhwima kwambiri 90–95 °C.
Mlingo: pafupifupi 4–5 g pa 120–150 ml mu gaiwan; pa kapu 3–4 g pa 250–300 ml.
Kutsanulira kochuluka (kalembedwe ka gongfu): kutsanulira mwachangu kochapa monga mwafunira, kenako kutsanulira koyamba kwa masekondi 10–20 ndikuwonjezera nthawi pang’onopang’ono; kumatha kutsanulidwa kangapo.
Kuwira mu kapu: mphindi 2–3, ndikuwonjezera madzi pamene mukumwa.

Malangizo othandiza: tiyi wachikasu amatseguka mofewa, choncho ndi bwino kuyamba ndi nthawi yayifupi komanso kutentha kochepa, kenako nkukonza. Kutenthetsa kwambiri masamba ofewa kumapha kutsekemera ndikuwulula kuwawa; kwa mitundu yolimba ya masamba akuluakulu, m’malo mwake, kutentha kwakukulu kumakhala koyenera.

10. Kusunga:

Chotengera: chotengera chosawonekera chotsekedwa bwino kapena chitini chachitsulo; kuteteza ku kuwala.
Mikhalidwe: malo ozizira, owuma, opanda fungo lachilendo; tiyi amatenga fungo mosavuta.
Chinyontho: mu nyengo yachinyontho ya Guangdong, chitetezo ku chinyontho ndi chofunika kwambiri; ngati kuli kofunikira, gwiritsani ntchito zotengera zotsekeka.
Nthawi yake: tiyi wachikasu ali pafupi ndi tiyi wobiliwira pa kutsitsimuka — ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi kapena theka pambuyo popanga, pamene mawu a fungo ali amoyo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Zochitika pamsika: «肇庆黄茶» ndi chinthu chaching’ono cha m’deralo, chosadziwika bwino kuposa tiyi wachikasu wakale (Junshan Yinzhen, Mengding Huangya, Huoshan Huangya), choncho kupezeka kwake nkochepa, ndipo mitengo imasiyanasiyana mokulira malinga ndi masamba ndi luso.
Chonyenga chodziwika: pansi pa dzina la tiyi wachikasu, nthawi zambiri amagulitsa tiyi wobiliwira wotsika mtengo popanda gawo lenileni la kutenthetsa — umaoneka ndi kununkhira kwatsopano, koma wosowa kuzungulira ndi kutsekemera ‘kowotcha’.
Momwe mungazindikire: tiyi wachikasu weniweni, madzi ake ndi tsamba lotambasuka zimakhala zachikasu mofanana, kukoma ndi kofewa komanso kopanda kuwawa kwenikweni, fungo lake lilibe kuwawa kwa udzu; mawonekedwe a ‘obiliwira’, akuthwa, okhwima amasonyeza tiyi wobiliwira.
Zoyenera kuyang’ana: kuwonekera kwa madzi a tiyi, kufanana kwa mtundu wa tsamba, kusapezeka kwa fungo la chikwinya (chizindikiro cha kuyanika mopitirira muyeso kapena kutenthetsa molakwika) ndi kumveka bwino kwa chiyambi kwa wogulitsa.

Chenjerani ndi nthano zokweza mawu za ‘zakale’ ndi malonjezo okokomeza: pa tiyi uyu, ndi koyenera kutengera kumverera ndi mbiri ya wogulitsa, osati nkhani zamalonda.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Dinghushan: malo osungira zachilengedwe a Dinghushan ndi amodzi mwa malo oyamba otetezedwa achilengedwe ku China (okhazikitsidwa m’zaka za 1950), chizindikiro cha zachilengedwe zolemera zotentha za Lingnan.
‘Tsamba lachikasu, madzi a tiyi achikasu’: mawu akuti 黄叶黄汤 ndi chidule cha gulu lonse la tiyi wachikasu ndi chizindikiro chachikulu chowonekera cha kutenthetsa bwino.
Ubale ndi Dayeqin: tiyi wachikasu wa Guangdong ndi wochititsa chidwi chifukwa m’mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu amaphatikizapo kufota, zomwe si zachilendo kwa tiyi wina wambiri wachikasu ndipo zimayandikitsa mawonekedwe ake aukadaulo ku kalembedwe kapakati.
Miyala yosema ya Duan: Zhaocing imadziwika ndi mwala wa miyala yosema ya Duan — nthawi yosowa pamene dera la tiyi limadziwika koyamba ndi chinthu cha luso, osati tiyi weniweni.

Pomaliza:

Zhaocing Huangcha ndi kalembedwe ka chigawo ka tiyi wachikasu wa Guangdong, osati mtundu wokhazikika weniweni wa dzina lokhala ndi mbiri yaitali yolembedwa. N’koyenera kumvetsetsa mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Guangdong Dayeqing ndi banja lonse la tiyi wachikasu wa China: chomwe chimatsimikizira pano ndichobe ndi kutenthetsa, komwe kumapereka kukoma kofewa, kopanda kuwawa kwenikweni, fungo lotentha ndi madzi a tiyi odziwika a golide-chikasu. Malo a Zhaocing — nyengo yotentha yachinyontho, dothi la asidi, ndi kuyandikira kwa mapiri a nkhalango a Dinghushan — ndi abwino kwa chitsamba cha tiyi ndipo amapatsa chakumwacho kukhuthala ndi kutsekemera.

Kwa wokonda tiyi wachikasu, kalembedwe aka ndi kosangalatsa ngati njira ina yosadziwika bwino kwa zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zakumpoto ndi pakati pa China. Kuyandikira kwa iye nkwanzeru ndi ziyembekezo zoyenera: kuyang’ana chowonadi potengera kumverera, kukhulupirira ogulitsa osamala, ndi kusalipira mopitirira muyeso chifukwa cha nthano. Mukawira molondola ndi kusunga mosamala, Zhaocing Huangcha amapereka chakumwa chodekha, chofewa, chowonetsa bwino chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha Lingnan kumwera kwa China.

the teas described here are available from teamotea