yún nán hóng máo fēng

Yunnan Red Mao Feng (云南红毛峰, Yúnnán hóng máofēng) ndi kalembedwe ka tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan wa banja la dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng), wodziwika ndi ubweya wagolide wochuluka pa masamba ang’onoang’ono ndi tsamba lopindika looneka ngati nsonga ya phiri; motero liwu loti “maofeng” (毛峰, máofēng — “nsonga yaubweya”). Zitsanzo zapamwamba za kalembedwe kameneka zimagwirizana ndi dera la Fengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng) m’boma la Lincang (临沧, Líncāng) kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Yunnan — malo obadwira dianhong yense. Zopangira ndi mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan la chitsamba cha tiyi, wolemera ndi polyphenols, zomwe zimapereka chakumwa chakhuthala ndi zokometsera za uchi ndi malt. Mosiyana ndi dianhong wodulidwa wamba, Mao Feng amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mphukira zosatha ndipo amayikidwa m’gulu la tiyi wofiira wa masamba onse wa mtundu wa gongfu. Masiku ano amalemekezedwa ngati woimira bwino komanso wosavuta kupeza wa mwambo wa tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wofiira (wothira okosijeni kwathunthu) — 红茶 (hóngchá).
Banja: tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng).
Kagawo kakang’ono: tiyi wofiira wa masamba onse wa gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá).
Kalembedwe/Mlingo: maofeng (毛峰, máofēng) — kusonkhanitsa kwabwino, kolemera ndi tips, ndi tsamba lopindika.
Chiyambi: dera la Fengqing (凤庆, Fèngqìng), boma la Lincang (临沧, Líncāng), chigawo cha Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), China.
Zopangira: mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), ku Fengqing — gulu la m’deralo “fengqing large-leaf” (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng).

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti “maofeng” pokhudzana ndi tiyi wofiira si gulu linalake lovomerezeka ndi lamulo, koma kutanthauzira kalembedwe ndi mlingo wa kusonkhanitsa: mphukira yabwino, ubweya wambiri wa m’masamba ang’onoang’ono, mawonekedwe opindika mwaukhondo. Potengera gulu, tiyiyu ndi wa gulu la tiyi wofiira wa gongfu, omwe ku China amafotokozedwa ndi miyezo ya dziko ya mndandanda wa GB/T 13738 ya tiyi wofiira. Tiyi wofiira wochokera ku Fengqing ali ndi udindo wa chizindikiro cha malo.

Mu mtengo wamalonda, malowa adalembedwa ngati 云南风庆红毛峰#1. Apa 风庆 ndi kulembedwa kolakwika kofala kwa dzina la malo 凤庆 (Fèngqìng): chilembo chachi China 凤 (fèng, “mbalame yamphamvu yongopeka”) nthawi zambiri amachisintha ndi chofanana pakumveka 风 (fēng, “mphepo”). Chizindikiro “#1” ndicho mlingo wa wogulitsa, osati chitsimikizo cha gulu lapamwamba.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Kubadwa kwa dianhong: 1939, gulu loyamba loyesera.
Wopanga: Feng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú), yemwe amatchedwa “tate wa dianhong” (滇红之父, Diānhóng zhī fù).
Malo: dera la Fengqing, lomwe linadziwika ndi dzina loti “kwawo kwa dianhong” (滇红之乡, Diānhóng zhī xiāng).

Tiyi wofiira anafika ku Yunnan mochedwa: mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1930, chigawochi chinkadziwika makamaka ndi zopangira tsamba lalikulu za tiyi wobiriwira ndi wopanikizidwa. Mu 1938, katswiri waumisiri Feng Shaoqiu, mogwirizana ndi kampani ya tiyi ya ku China, anafika ku Yunnan kufunafuna zipangizo za tiyi wofiira wotumizidwa kunja ndipo m’madera ozungulira dera la Shunning panthawiyo (顺宁, Shùnníng) anapeza minda yochuluka ya tsamba lalikulu yoyenera kuthira okosijeni kwathunthu. Mu 1939, gulu loyamba la tiyi wofiira linatulutsidwa kumeneko, lotchedwa dianhong — kuchokera ku 滇 (Diān, dzina lakale la Yunnan) ndi 红 (hóng, “wofiira”). Dera la Shunning linasinthidwa dzina kukhala Fengqing mu 1954.

M’zaka za nkhondo, tiyi ameneyu ankatumizidwa kunja kudzera ku Hong Kong ndipo anabweretsa ndalama zakunja ku dzikolo, zomwe zinalimbitsa mbiri ya derali ngati likulu la dianhong. Kalembedwe ka “maofeng” kanayamba pambuyo pake ngati njira yowonetsera kusonkhanitsa kwabwino koposa, kolemera ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono agolide mu mawonekedwe a masamba onse; dzini lenilenilo la mawonekedwe linabwerekedwa kuchokera ku mwambo wa tiyi wobiriwira.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:

Mtundu: Camellia sinensis var. assamica — mtundu wa Assam (tsamba lalikulu).
Gulu: 云南大叶种 (Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), ku Fengqing — fengqing large-leaf (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng).
Mlingo wa kusonkhanitsa: mphukira yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri (一芽一叶 / 一芽二叶, yīyá yīyè / yīyá èryè).
Ubweya: ubweya wandiraya wa siliva (毫, háo) pa masamba ang’onoang’ono, omwe pambuyo pa okosijeni amakhala agolide (金毫, jīnháo).

Mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan umadziwika ndi tsamba lalikulu, lothina, kuchuluka kwa polyphenols ndi zinthu zotulutsa. Ndiko kuchuluka kwa ubweya wa m’masamba ang’onoang’ono pa zopangira zosatha komwe kumapereka “tips zagolide” zodziwika bwino za mao feng womalizidwa ndipo makamaka zimatsimikizira fungo lake ndi kufewa.

4. Malo ndi Zinthu Zapadera za Kulima:

Dera: dera la Fengqing, boma la Lincang, kumadzulo kwa Yunnan.
Kutalika kwa minda: pafupifupi kuchokera ku 1000 mpaka 2000 m ndi kupitirira pamwamba pa nyanja.
Ma coordinates (malo oyendetsera boma): pafupifupi 24.6° N ndi 99.9° E.
Nyengo: nyengo yamvula yapakati pa malo otentha ndi ozizira, yofunda, yokhala ndi nyengo yachinyezi yowonekera.
Dothi: dothi lofiira ndi lateritic, lolemera ndi chitsulo.
Hydrology: mtsinje wa Lancang (澜沧江, Láncāng jiāng), womwe m’munsi mwake umasintha kukhala Mekong.

Malo a mapiri, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku, ndi chifunga chambiri zimathandizira kukula kwapang’onopang’ono kwa mphukira ndi kudzikundikira kwa mankhwala onunkhira. Kupatula Fengqing, dianhong amapangidwanso ku Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), Dehong (德宏, Déhóng) ndi Xishuangbanna ndi likulu ku Menghai (勐海, Měnghǎi), komabe Fengqing m’mbiri imatengedwa ngati malo abwino koposa.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Kufowoketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): kufowoketsa tsamba kuti litaye chinyezi pang’ono ndi kulipatsa kuthéka.
Kupindika (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuwononga ma cell ndi kupanga tsamba lopindika, kuyambitsa okosijeni.
Kuwotcha-okosijeni (发酵, fājiào): kusunga pa kutentha ndi chinyezi cholamulidwa mpaka pamawonekera mtundu wofiira wamkuwa ndi fungo lenileni.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): kuyimitsa ma enzyme ndi kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi fungo.

Iyi ndi ndondomeko yapamwamba ya magawo anayi ya tiyi wofiira wa gongfu. Kwa kalembedwe ka maofeng, kupindika mochenjera ndi kusanja ndikofunika kuti masamba ang’onoang’ono ndi ubweya wagolide asungike bwino. Pambuyo poyanika, tiyi amasanjidwa malinga ndi kukula, kuyera, ndi kuchuluka kwa tips; ndi pa siteji imeneyi pomwe amasiyanitsa magawo abwino, olemera ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Tsamba louma: lakuda, lofiirira-lakuda, lokhala ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono agolide ochuluka; mawonekedwe opindika, ooneka ngati ozungulira pang’ono.
Chakumwa: chowonekera, chowala chofiira-lalanje, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mphuno yagolide m’mphepete mwa chotengera.
Fungo: la uchi, la malt, lokhala ndi timbewu ta zipatso zouma, nthawi zina ta kakao kapena ta maluwa.
Kukoma: kotsekemera pang’ono, kofewa, kokhala ndi kukwana kwa malt ndi kamvedwe kakang’ono ka mbambaira yowotcha; kukakamira kumakhala kochepa pakupanga mochenjera.
Tsamba lotayidwa: lofanana, lofiira wamkuwa, lothéka.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Polyphenols: mu zopangira zatsopano za mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu ndizochuluka kwambiri, pafupifupi 30-36%; pa okosijeni wathunthu gawo lalikulu limasinthidwa.
Zotuluka za okosijeni: theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù) — zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala ndi “mphuno yagolide”; thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù) — zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu ndi kukhuthala; theabrownins (茶褐素, cháhèsù).
Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): pafupifupi 3-5%.
Amino acid: pafupifupi 2-4%, kuphatikizapo theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān).
Zina: shuga osungunuka bwino ndi mankhwala onunkhira omwe amapanga kutsekemera ndi fungo.

Kuchuluka koyambirira kwa polyphenols mu zopangira za tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan ndicho chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwa chakumwacho. Kulinganiza kwa theaflavins ndi thearubigins makamaka kumatsimikizira khalidwe: kuchulukira kwa theabrownins kumapangitsa chakumwa kukhala chopanda kuwala, pamene gawo lokwanira la theaflavins limapereka mtundu wamoyo, wowala.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Khalidwe lotenthetsa: mu zakudya zachikhalidwe za ku China, tiyi wofiira amayikidwa m’gulu la zakumwa “zotentha”.
Ma antioxidants: theaflavins ndi thearubigins amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya antioxidant.
Chitonthozo cha kugaya: chakumwa chotentha nthawi zambiri amamwa pambuyo pa chakudya cholemera.
Kuchenjera kofewa: kusonkhezera pang’ono kochokera ku caffeine.

Izi zopindulitsa zomwe zatchulidwazi ndi zodziwika bwino ndipo sizilowa m’malo mwa uphungu wamankhwala. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa caffeine, anthu osalolera bwino ayenera kuchepetsa mphamvu ya tiyi ndipo asamwe usiku; pa nthawi ya pakati ndi matenda osatha, kuchenjera ndikoyenera.

9. Kupanga:

Zotengera: gaiwan, porcelain kapena teapot yadothi yopyapyala; galasi lili lololedwa.
Madzi: ofewa, ochepa mchere.
Kutentha: 90-95 °C kwa kutumikira wamba; kwa maofeng wosatha wokhala ndi tips zambiri, nkwanira 85-90 °C, kuti asatulutse kukakamira.
Mlingo (gongfu): pafupifupi 4-5 g pa 100 ml.
Mlingo (wachiyuropu): 3-4 g pa 250-300 ml.
Kutsuka: kwachidule, mwakufuna kwanu, masekondi ochepa basi.

Munjira ya gongfu, amapanga mndandanda wa kupanga kwachidule: koyamba — kwa masekondi angapo, kenako nthawi imawonjezedwa pang’onopang’ono; maofeng wabwino amapirira kupanga 5-8. Popanga mu teapot kapena kapu, mphindi 2-3 ndizokwanira. Mfundo yofunika — osatenthetsa madzi mopitirira ndipo osasunga tsamba nthawi yayitali: chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa polyphenols, zolakwa zimapereka kuwawa ndi kukakamira mwachangu.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe: chotseka bwino, chosawonekera (chitsulo, thumba la zojambulazo zokutidwa ndi chitsulo lokhala ndi chotsekera).
Mikhalidwe: kuzizira, mdima, kuwuma, kusowa kwa fungo lina.
Nthawi yabwino: pafupifupi miyezi 12-24.

Monga tiyi wothira okosijeni kwathunthu, dianhong-maofeng amakhala wokhazikika kuposa tiyi wobiriwira ndipo safuna firiji, komabe fungo lake labwino limazimiririka pakapita nthawi. Mosiyana ndi pu-erh, tiyi ameneyu sanapangidwe kuti azisungidwa nthawi yayitali kuti “akalambike”; pakusunga koyenera, ndizotheka kufewetsa pang’ono kukoma, koma ndibwino kumumwa m’chaka chimodzi ndi theka choyamba.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira:

Gawo: kuchokera ku mtengo wotsika mpaka wapakati.
Chowongolera pa milingo: dianhong watsiku ndi tsiku wa Fengqing ndi wotsika mtengo; mtengo umakwera ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba ang’onoang’ono onse ndi tips zagolide, kuyera kwa kusonkhanitsa, ndi kutalika kwa minda.

Dzina loti “#1” mu mtengo wamalonda ndilo mlingo wamkati wa wogulitsa, osati chizindikiro cha khalidwe lapamwamba: pamenepa nthawi zambiri amagulitsa katundu wabwino woyambira kapena wapakati. Zachinyengo zofala kwambiri ndikupatsa tiyi wochepa, wosweka kapena wotsika mlingo ngati “maofeng”, kusakaniza zopangira zochokera kumadera ena pansi pa dzina la Fengqing, komanso kununkhira kochita kupanga pofuna kutengera fungo la uchi.

Momwe mungazindikire: tips zagolide zachilengedwe ndizo ubweya weniweni wa m’masamba ang’onoang’ono, osati kupaka utoto; chakumwa chiyenera kukhala chowonekera ndi chowala, osati chosawonekera bwino ndi “chobisika”; fungo — lokoma, la uchi-malt, lopanda mawonekedwe a mankhwala, akuthiko, kapena a utsi wowonekera. Ndikothandiza kusisita mphukira yonyowa pakati pa zala: utoto wosweka kapena wodetsa umasonyeza kupaka utoto. Tsamba lotayidwa la maofeng wabwino ndilofanana, lofiira wamkuwa, ndipo ndilokwanira lonse.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Dzina lakale la chigawo: gawo 滇 (Diān) mu mawu “dianhong” limachokera ku ufumu wakale wa Dian ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chidule chandakatulo cha Yunnan.
Kusintha dzina kwa dera: kwawo kwa dianhong woyamba kunkatchedwa Shunning (顺宁, Shùnníng) ndipo inadzatchedwa Fengqing kokha mu 1954.
Mtengo wakale: ku Fengqing pali mtengo wakale wolimidwa wa tiyi wa Xiangzhuqing (香竹箐, Xiāngzhúqìng), womwe nthawi zina umatchedwa “Jinxiu — kholo la tiyi” (锦绣茶祖, Jǐnxiù cházǔ); zaka zake zimayerekezedwa kuti ndi zapamwamba kwambiri, ngakhale kuyerekezera kumasiyana kwambiri.
Zopangira zofanana ndi pu-erh: chitsamba chomwecho cha tsamba lalikulu chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa pu-erh, koma apa amachiyendetsa mwa njira ya tiyi wofiira ya okosijeni wathunthu.
Dzina lobwerekedwa la mawonekedwe: mawu akuti “maofeng” anachokera ku dziko la tiyi wobiriwira ndipo mu tiyi wofiira amalemba kusonkhanitsa kosatha, kolemera ndi ubweya.

Pomaliza:

Yunnan Red Mao Feng ndi chithunzi chozindikirika cha dianhong: tsamba lakuda lokhala ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono agolide, chakumwa chofiira chowala, ndi kukoma kofewa kwa uchi-malt, kozikidwa mu malo a Fengqing ndi mu makhalidwe a mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan. Amakhala pakati pa tiyi wodulidwa wamba ndi milingo yokwera mtengo ya masamba ang’onoang’ono okha, kukhalabe womveka kwa woyamba kumene komanso kwa wokonda wodziwa zambiri.

Pakugula, nkwanira kuyang’ana pa zizindikiro zenizeni, osati zolemba zazikulu za milingo: kuyera kwa kusonkhanitsa, tips zagolide zachilengedwe, kuwonekera kwa chakumwa, ndi fungo lokoma, osati lopangidwa. Popangidwa mochenjera, popanda kutenthetsa mopitirira ndi kusunga nthawi yayitali, tiyi ameneyu amadziwonetsa yekha mofanana ndi molosera — ndipo mu kukhulupirika kowona mtima, kwapakhomo kumeneku kuli kukopa kwake kwakukulu.

the teas described here are available from teamotea