xī hú hóng chá · thetea.app

Tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake (西湖红茶, Xīhú hóngchá) ndi kalembedwe ka tiyi wofiira waku China (红茶, hóngchá) wa m’dera lomwe amapangidwa m’mapiri ozungulira Nyanja ya West Lake mumzinda wa Hangzhou m’chigawo cha Zhejiang. Zopangira ndi tchire tochepa tomwe timapangitsa malo amenewa kutchuka ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa Longjing, komabe masamba pano amapitirira kuthira mafuta, kutulutsa mankhwala ofewa otsekemera okhala ndi zokometsera za maluwa ndi uchi. Woimira wodziwika bwino wa mbiri ya kalembedwe kameneka ndi Jiǔqū hóngméi (九曲红梅, Jiǔqū hóngméi), umodzi mwa tiyi ochepa achikhalidwe ofiira a ku Zhejiang. Popeza dera la West Lake limayang’ana kwambiri tiyi wobiriwira, tiyi wofiira amakhalabe wochepa komanso wosoweka pano. M’zaka zaposachedwa, akubwezeretsedwa: minda ikusintha masamba okhwima komanso ochedwa kukhala tiyi wofiira, omwe sangagwiritsidwe ntchito pa Longjing wapamwamba.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wothiridwa mafuta kwathunthu.
Gulu: 红茶 (hóngchá), Wofiira.
Mtundu wa malo: kalembedwe/dera - dzina lofotokozera la tiyi wofiira a m’dera la West Lake.
Oimira akuluakulu: Jiǔqū hóngméi wachikhalidwe (九曲红梅, Jiǔqū hóngméi) ndi tiyi amakono ofiira ochokera ku mitundu ya Longjing.
Mtundu wa kakonzedwe: gongfu wofiira (工夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá) - wokulungidwa ndi masamba athunthu.
Chiyambi: dera la West Lake (西湖区, Xīhú qū) la mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng shěng).

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wa tiyi uyu mu dongosolo la miyezo. Longjing wobiriwira amatetezedwa ndi muyezo wodziyimira pawokha wa chizindikiro cha malo (GB/T 18650, “Chopangidwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Longjing”), koma chitetezo ichi ndi cha tiyi wobiriwira ndipo sichimafikira tiyi wofiira. Palibe muyezo wodziyimira pawokha wa GI wa “tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake” monga gulu; opanga amatsatira muyezo wamba wa tiyi wofiira wa GB/T 13738, makamaka gawo lake la tiyi wofiira wa gongfu (工夫红茶). Jiǔqū hóngméi ndiye ali ndi kutchuka kwake kwa dera ndipo amadziwika ngati chinthu chotetezedwa monga tiyi wamba wa ku Hangzhou.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Mwambo:

Hangzhou ndi umodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri opangira tiyi ku China. Ngakhale Lu Yu (陆羽, Lù Yǔ) mu nthano ya Tang “Cha jing” (茶经, Chájīng) adatchulapo tiyi wochokera pafupi ndi Hangzhou yamtsogolo, ndipo mu nthawi ya Southern Song, pamene mzindawu (pamenepo Lin’an, 临安, Lín’ān) unali likulu, mwambo wa tiyi unakula kwambiri. Komabe, kutchuka kwapadziko lonse kwa nthaka imeneyi kunabweretsedwa ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa Longjing, umene mu nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing unakhala umodzi mwa zizindikiro za luso la tiyi waku China.

Kuwonekera kwa tiyi wofiira: luso la tiyi wofiira linayambira ku Fujian, m’mapiri a Wuyi (武夷山, Wǔyí shān), kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Ming koyambirira kwa Qing.
Kubwera kwa mwambo ku Hangzhou: malinga ndi mbiri yofala, akatswiri othawa kwawo ochokera ku Fujian adabweretsa luso la kuthira mafuta ku mapiri a West Lake chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800, m’nthawi ya chipwirikiti chokhudzana ndi kuwukira kwa Taiping (太平天国, Tàipíng Tiānguó).
Kupangika kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi: tiyi wofiira uyu adapangidwa kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa dera la West Lake, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Hubu (湖埠, Húbù) ndi phiri la Dawushan (大坞山, Dàwù shān).

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, Jiǔqū hóngméi anali atadziwika kale: malinga ndi zomwe zimagwidwa mawu pafupipafupi, adalemekezedwa pa Chiwonetsero Choyamba cha West Lake (西湖博览会, Xīhú bólǎnhuì) cha 1929. Pambuyo pake kupanga kunachepa chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi tiyi wobiriwira wopindulitsa kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi kudazimiririka, koma kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1980-2000 chidwi chake chidabwezeretsedwa. Panthawi yomweyi, chinthu chamakono chinawuka: minda imapanga tiyi wofiira kuchokera ku masamba a chilimwe ndi mphangwe a tchire la Longjing, kusiyanitsa zopangira ndi kupeza ntchito ya zopangira zomwe sizipita ku Longjing wobiriwira wa masika.

3. Kufotokozera Kwazomera ndi Zopangira:

Mtundu: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis - mtundu waku China, mawonekedwe a masamba ang’onoang’ono (小叶种, xiǎoyèzhǒng).
Mitundu ya tchire: mtundu wamba wachikhalidwe wa Longjing quntizhong (龙井群体种, Lóngjǐng qúntǐzhǒng); mitundu yobzalidwa Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng sìshísān) ndi Longjing changye (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng chángyè); ku Zhejiang Jiukeng (鸠坑种, Jiūkēng zhǒng) ndiyonso yofala.
Tsamba: laling’ono, losalala, lokhala ndi polyphenol okwanira, khalidwe la mitundu yobzalidwira tiyi wobiriwira.
Muyeso wotolera: kwa tiyi wofiira, nthawi zambiri mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri; tsamba lokhwima kwambiri kuposa la Longjing wapamwamba limaloledwa.

Chofunika kwambiri pa zopangira ndichakuti kotolera kwabwino kwambiri koyambirira kwa masika m’dera la West Lake pafupifupi konse kumapita ku Longjing wobiriwira. Kwa tiyi wofiira, nthawi zambiri, zinthu zochokera kumapeto kwa masika, komanso za chilimwe ndi mphangwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene tsamba limakhala lalikulu, lodzaza ndi polyphenol ndipo limakhala bwino makamaka pakuthira mafuta. Izi zimasiyanitsa kalembedwe aka ndi tiyi achikhalidwe ofiira omwe amayang’ana makamaka zopangira zofewa za mphukira.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Dera: mapiri ozungulira Nyanja ya West Lake - madera a Longjing (龙井, Lóngjǐng), Meijiawu (梅家坞, Méijiāwù), Wenjiashan (翁家山, Wēngjiāshān), Manjuelong (满觉陇, Mǎnjuélǒng); kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi - tawuni ya Shuangpu (双浦镇, Shuāngpǔ zhèn) ndi malo ozungulira phiri la Dawushan.
Ma coordinate: pafupifupi 30°15′ N, 120°09′ E.
Kutalika: mapiri osatalika - kuchokera pa makumi angapo kufika pafupifupi 300 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Nyengo: mvula ya subtropical monsoon - chilimwe chotentha ndi chinyezi, nyengo yozizira yofewa, mvula yambiri, chifunga pafupipafupi pafupi ndi madzi.
Nthaka: makamaka yosalala, yotulutsa madzi bwino, yokhala ndi acidity pang’ono, yotuluka chifukwa cha nyengo kuchokera ku miyala yapansi.

Kuyandikira kwa madzi akuluakulu ndi mapiri a nkhalango kumapanga nyengo yofewa yonyowa yokhala ndi kuwala kobalalika ndi chifunga chammawa. Zikhalidwe izi zinkaonedwa kukhala zamtengo wapatali kwa tiyi wobiriwira, koma kwa tiyi wofiira nazonso ndi zabwino: kukhwima pang’onopang’ono kwa tsamba ndi kutentha kwapakati kwa dzuwa kumapereka zopangira zokhala ndi kuchuluka kwabwino kwa shuga, zinthu zonunkhira ndi polyphenol, zomwe zimafunikira kuti apange mankhwala otsekemera pambuyo pa kuthira mafuta.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake amapangidwa motsatira ndondomeko ya tiyi wofiira wa gongfu, ndi kuthira mafuta kwathunthu kwa tsamba. Magawo akuluakulu:

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): tsamba limafotetsedwa, kuchepetsa chinyezi ndikulipangitsa kukhala losavuta kusintha.
Kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuwononga makoma a maselo ndi kuyambitsa kuthira mafuta kwa enzymatic; kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi, kukulunga kumakhala kolimba, kumapatsa tsamba mawonekedwe opindika, ngati mbedza.
Kuthira mafuta (发酵, fājiào): siteji yofunika kwambiri, pomwe polyphenol amasandulika theaflavin ndi thearubigin, ndipo tsamba limadetsedwa ndikupeza fungo la uchi ndi zipatso.
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): kuyimitsa kuthira mafuta ndi kuyanitsa mpaka kukhazikika kwa chinyezi; nthawi zambiri m’njira zingapo.

Kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi wachikhalidwe, tsamba lopyapyala, lokulungidwa molimba lokhala ndi tinthu tating’ono tagolide (金毫, jīnháo) limayamikiridwa. Mlingo wa kufota, kutalika kwa nthawi ndi kutentha kwa kuthira mafuta, komanso ndondomeko ya kuyanika zimatsimikizira ngati mankhwalawo adzakhala a uchi komanso ofewa kapena ochulukirapo komanso a zipatso. Opanga amakono nthawi zambiri amayesa magawo kuti atsindike kutsekemera kwa zopangira za Longjing.

6. Makhalidwe Omanvekera:

Tsamba louma: loderapo-bulawuni lokhala ndi kuwala kofiirako kapena kopulawa, nthawi zambiri ndi tinthu tating’ono tagolide; kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi - lopyapyala, lopindika ngati mbedza.
Mankhwala: owonekera, kuchokera ku golide-lalanje mpaka kufiira-amber, okhala ndi kuwala kwabwino.
Fungo: lofewa, lotsekemera - uchi, zipatso zophikidwa ndi zouma, maluwa ndipo nthawi zina mawu a caramel ndi nkhuni.
Kukoma: kosalala, kotsekemera pang’ono, kozungulira, kokhala ndi kuphwanya pang’ono komanso kotsalira kokoma.
Tsamba lophikidwa: lofanana, losalala, lamitundu yofiira-mkuwa.

Poyerekeza ndi tiyi wofiira wa ku Fujian kapena Yunnan, kalembedwe ka West Lake nthawi zambiri kamakhala kofewa komanso kotsekemera ngati maluwa, kopanda kukoma kwambiri kwa chimera ndi kukhwimitsa. Kuphwanya pang’ono ndi kufewa ndi zotsatira zenizeni za zopangira za tsamba laling’ono, zomwe poyamba zinabzalidwira tiyi wobiriwira wofewa.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): chifukwa cha kuthira mafuta, gawo lawo limachepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi tsamba loyambirira.
Zopangidwa ndi kuthira mafuta: theaflavin (茶黄素, chá huángsù) ndi thearubigin (茶红素, chá hóngsù), omwe amachititsa mtundu wa mankhwala, kuwala ndi kuchuluka kwa kukoma.
Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): ilipo mu kuchuluka komwe kumakhala kwa tiyi wofiira - nthawi zambiri magawo angapo a kulemera kwa tsamba louma.
Ma amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): kuphatikizapo theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān), wopereka kutsekemera ndi “kuchuluka” kwa kukoma.
Zinthu zonunkhira: zimapangidwa makamaka pa siteji ya kuthira mafuta ndi kuyanika, zomwe zimatsimikizira mbiri ya uchi ndi maluwa.

Makhalidwe enieni amadalira mtundu, nyengo yotolera ndi ndondomeko ya kakonzedwe, choncho ndizomveka kunena za magawo azikhalidwe, osati ziwerengero zokhazikika.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Kufewa kwa m’mimba: tiyi wothiridwa mafuta nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati wochepa “kukhwimitsa” kuposa wobiriwira, ndipo amapilira bwino popanda chakudya.
Kutenthetsa: m’mwambo waku China, tiyi wofiira amawonedwa ngati wotentha mwachilengedwe, woyenera nyengo yozizira.
Ntchito ya antioxidant: theaflavin ndi thearubigin, monganso polyphenol otsalira, ali ndi mphamvu za antioxidant.
Kudzutsa kofewa: kuphatikiza kwa caffeine ndi ma amino acid kumapereka mphamvu yolingana yotoniki popanda kukhwimitsa.

Makhalidwe omwe atchulidwa amawonetsa malingaliro wamba okhudza tiyi wofiira ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe ndipo si malangizo achipatala. Kulolerana kwamunthu payekha, makamaka kukhudzidwa ndi caffeine, kumasiyana.

9. Kuphika:

Madzi: ofewa, atsopano, 85-95 °C; kwa zopangira zofewa kwambiri pafupi ndi 88-90 °C.
Ziwiya: gaiwan, kapu yaing’ono yadothi kapena ya porcelain; pakumwa tsiku ndi tsiku - kapu yagalasi kapena chikho.
Mlingo (kuphika mobwerezabwereza): pafupifupi 4-5 g pa 100-120 ml.
Mlingo (chikho): pafupifupi 3 g pa 200-250 ml.
Kutsanulira: mankhwala oyamba ndi aafupi kwambiri, 5-10 s; kenako nthawi imawonjezedwa pang’onopang’ono; tiyi amapilira ma brew angapo.

Kwa kuphika kwa gongfu, kutsuka tsamba mwachidule sikofunikira, koma nkololedwa - kumathandiza kutulutsa fungo. Madzi otentha kwambiri pa tsamba laling’ono la Longjing angapereke kukhwimitsa kwakukulu, choncho kutentha kuli bwino kusungidwa pakati, ndipo ma brew oyamba - aafupi. Popika mu chikho, ndikokwanira kusasiya tsamba kwa nthawi yaitali kuti asunge kutsekemera ndi kusakhala ndi kuwuma mu kukoma.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe: chotseka bwino, chopanda kuwala kapena chidebe chachitsulo.
Zikhalidwe: kuzizira, mdima, kuuma, kusowa kwa fungo lachilendo.
Nthawi: tiyi wofiira amasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa wobiriwira, koma kuti asunge fungo latsopano ndibwino kumwa mkati mwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi kapena zaka ziwiri.

Tiyi wofiira ndiwolimba ku oxidation kuposa wobiriwira, komabe amataya mawu ake apamwamba a maluwa ndi uchi akakhudzana ndi mpweya, kuwala ndi chinyezi. Firiji posunga tsiku ndi tsiku siyofunikira ndipo ngakhale ndiyosayenera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha ndi fungo lachilendo; ndikokwanira kabati youma kutali ndi zonunkhira, khofi ndi mankhwala apanyumba.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Mkhalidwe wamsika: niche, mumthunzi wa Longjing wobiriwira; kuchuluka kwa kupanga ndikochepa.
Kusiyana kwa mitengo: kuchokera ku mtengo wapansi wa tiyi wofiira wamba wochokera ku zopangira za Longjing kufika ku mitengo yokwera kwambiri ya Jiǔqū hóngméi wapamanja wabwino.
Chiwopsezo chachikulu: pansi pa dzina la “tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake,” amagulitsa tiyi wofiira wotchipa wochokera kwina.

Popeza tiyi wofiira akhoza kupangidwa kulikonse, chiyambi cha malo apa ndichovuta kutsimikizira kuposa kwa Longjing wobiriwira ndi chitetezo chake chokhwima cha GI. Kusamala koyenera kumaphatikizapo malangizo angapo. Mtengo wotsika kwambiri ndi kutchuka kwakukulu kwa “West Lake” ndi chizindikiro chodetsa nkhawa. Kwa Jiǔqū hóngméi weniweni, kukulungidwa kopyapyala ngati mbedza ndi tinthu tating’ono tagolide, mankhwala oyera ofiira-amber opanda matope ndi kukoma kofewa kotsekemera kopanda kuphwanya kwakukulu kapena zokometsera zina ndizofunika. Ndikothandiza kufunsa mtundu wa tchire ndi nyengo yotolera: wogulitsa woona mtima nthawi zambiri amalongosola kuti zopangira za chilimwe-mphangwe ndizotsika mtengo kuposa za masika. Njira yodalirika kwambiri ndikugula ku minda yodalirika ndi ogulitsa omwe ali okonzeka kupereka mitundu yoyesera.

12. Maluso Chidwi:

Nthaka imodzi - tiyi awiri. Tchire lomwe limapereka Longjing wobiriwira wotchuka, limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira za tiyi wofiira; kusiyana konse kuli mu luso - kuthira mafuta kwathunthu m’malo moimitsa.
“Mabulosi Ofiira.” Dzina la Jiǔqū hóngméi m’chiyankhulo limatanthauzira ku “mapindikiro asanu ndi anayi” ndi “mabulosi ofiira” (九曲红梅), kutsindika mawonekedwe opindika a tsamba ndi mtundu wofiira wa mankhwala.
Mizu ya ku Fujian. Mwambo wofiira umawonedwa kukhala wobwera ku Hangzhou ndipo umalumikizidwa ndi kusamuka kwa akatswiri ochokera kumadera a Wuyi.
Lingaliro lanyengo. Ndichifukwa chakuti masika amapereka patsogolo tiyi wobiriwira, tiyi wofiira nthawi zambiri amabadwa kuchokera ku tsamba lochedwa - chitsanzo chosowa pamene “chachiwiri” cha gulu limodzi chimakhala maziko a lina.

Pomaliza:

Tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake ndi kuyang’ana pa nthaka yotchuka ya “wobiriwira” ya Hangzhou kudzera mu lingaliro lina la luso. Amagwirizanitsa Jiǔqū hóngméi wa mbiri, umodzi mwa tiyi ochepa achikhalidwe ofiira a ku Zhejiang, ndi tiyi amakono ofiira ochokera ku mitundu ya Longjing, omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito bwino tsamba lanyengo. Kalembedwe kameneka kamadziwika ndi ulemu, kutsekemera kwa maluwa ndi uchi, ndi kufewa, zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi tiyi wina wofiira wochulukirapo komanso wa chimera wa zigawo zina.

Pokhala chopangidwa cha niche pafupi ndi Longjing wobiriwira wodziwika padziko lonse, tiyi uyu ndi wosangalatsa makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana: nthaka yomweyo, tchire lomwelo - ndi khalidwe losiyana kotheratu la chakumwa. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa momwe luso la kukonza limapangira kukoma, tiyi wofiira wa ku West Lake amapereka chitsanzo chowoneka komanso chosangalatsa, ndipo kusankha mwanzeru mtundu, nyengo ndi gwero lodalirika kumathandiza kupewa zokhumudwitsa zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi pamsika.

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