shèqián chá · thetea.app

Sheqian (社前茶, shèqián chá) ndi tiyi wamaluwa (农家) wa Liubao wakudula koyambirira kwa masika, tsiku lolemekeza mulungu wa nthaka lisanafike. Uwu ndi mzere wosakhwima kwambiri komanso wapamwamba kwambiri pakupanga kwa 古法, womwe uli wachinyamata umamveka ndi fungo lamphumphu (清香), ndipo ukasungidwa umatulutsa fungo lodziwika bwino la “betel” bīngláng xiāng (槟榔香).

1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wakuda (wofulidwa pambuyo pake) — 黑茶.
Gulu: Liubao (六堡茶), mzere wamaluwa 农家茶 (古法); sheqian ali pamalo ake oyambirira kwambiri, osakhwima kwambiri.
Chiyambi: dera la Cangwu ndi madera ozungulira Wuzhou (梧州) kum’mawa kwa Guangxi.
Dzina: limachokera ku kalendala yakale yaulimi. Tsiku la “she” la masika (春社) ndi phwando lolemekeza mulungu wa nthaka, lomwe limagwirizana ndi kuyamba kwa masika; tiyi amene amadulidwa tsikuli lisanafike amatchedwa 社前茶. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyambirira kuposa yodziwika bwino ya 明前 (Mingqian isanafike): chomera chimadulira masamba oyamba, omwe akungoyamba kumera, omwe asunga zakudya zochuluka m’nyengo yozizira. Apa ndi pamene mbiri ya sheqian imakhazikika ngati chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri chosakhwima mu mwambo wamaluwa wa Liubao.

M’dziko la Liubao (六堡茶) mulinso mizere iwiri ikuluikulu:

现代工艺 (厂茶) — luso lamakono la fakitole lokhala ndi kuwunjika konyowa kozizira (冷水渥堆), kutenthedwa kawiri ndi kukanikizidwa kawiri (双蒸双压) ndi kukalamba m’nyumba yosungira (窖藏); chizindikiro chake ndi “chofiira, chokhuthala, chokalamba, chofewa” (红浓陈醇).
古法 (农家茶) — kapangidwe kakale ka anthu akumudzi popanda kuwunjika kwamphamvu, komwe kufesa kumakhala kopepuka, ndipo mawonekedwe ndi kukhwima zimatengera nyengo ndi kusakhwima kwa tsamba.

Sheqian ndi wa mzere wachiwiri, wamudzi — ndipo ali pamalo ake oyambirira, osakhwima kwambiri.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Kutchuka kwa kunja. Liubao ndi imodzi mwa tiyi zakuda za mbiri yakale zotumizidwa kunja za ku Guangxi, zomwe kutchuka kwake kudamangidwa panjira zamalonda zamadzi zopita ku Guangdong komanso pakati pa magulu achi China a Kumwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia, komwe kufunikira kwa Liubao wokalamba kudathandizidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Pamtunda uwu, mzere wamaluwa 农家茶 umasunga mawonekedwe am’mbuyomu a chakumwa — momwe Liubao ankapangira m’midzi luso lamakono la kuwunjika kozizira lisanabwere.
“Nsonga ya Masika.” Sheqian m’dongosolo ili ndi tiyi ya kudula koyambirira kwambiri komanso kwabwino kwambiri, komwe banja linkapanga mosamala kwambiri. Chosiyana chake m’kuzungulira kwa chaka ndi 老茶婆 ya m’dzinja yochokera ku tsamba lokhwima lokhwima, lomwe nthawi zambiri limawiritsa (煮饮) monga chakumwa chatsiku ndi tsiku cha kumudzi. Pamodzi zimalongosola mitundu ya nyengo ya Liubao wa anthu wamba: kuyambira ku mphukira yoyambirira yosalimba kwambiri kufika ku tsamba lolimba la m’dzinja.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Zopangira:

Kututa: sheqian amatuta kuchokera ku mphukira zosalimba kwambiri za masika tsiku la she lisanafike — ichi ndi chikhalidwe chake chofunikira pazopangira.
Udindo mu masanjidwe: m’mawu a masanjidwe a Liubao a anthu wamba, kusakhwima kotereku kumagwirizana ndi gawo lapamwamba la mndandanda wa 农家茶 wa nyengo ndi mitundu, pomwe zopangira zimayambira ku kudula kwa mphukira (芽尖) kupita ku tsamba lapakati (中叶) ndi kufika ku tsamba lankhanza la m’dzinja (粗老). Sheqian ndi malire a mphukira yoyambirira komanso oyambirira kwambiri a sipekitiramuyi, osiyana, mwachitsanzo, ndi 老茶婆 (laochapo) ya m’dzinja kuchokera ku masamba okhwima, omwe amadulidwa mu nthawi ya Shuangjiang (霜降, “kugwa kwa chisanu,” shuāngjiàng).
Mtundu/Cultivar: magulu am’deralo a masamba akulu ndi apakati, omwe mwamwambo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’dera la Liubao; ndi tsamba lalikulu/pakati (大中叶) lomwe limapereka kukhuthala komwe kumamangidwira kukhwima kwa tiyiyu pakapita nthawi.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Dera: kwawo kwa Liubao ndi dera la Cangwu ndi madera ozungulira Wuzhou (梧州) kum’mawa kwa Guangxi, mu chigwa cha mitsinje, yomwe m’mbiri idalumikizidwa ndi “Njira ya Tiyi Pamadzi” yopita ku Guangdong ndi kupitirira ku Southeast Asia.
Nyengo ndi malo: malo otentha, achinyezi, achifunga a mapiri otsika, kumene kuphatikiza kwa kutentha, chinyezi chambiri ndi kuwala kofalikira kumathandizira kukula kwa chitsamba cha tiyi, komanso kuthira kwa chilengedwe ndi kukhwima kwa tiyi wokonzedwa.
Magulu amtengo wapatali kwambiri: kwa sheqian wa kumudzi, magulu a m’masika oyambirira kuchokera kumadera omwe mphukira zoyamba zimatuluka mofulumira komanso mofanana ndi amtengo wapatali kwambiri.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Sheqian amapangidwa motsata ndondomeko yakale ya kumudzi (古法), popanda kuwunjika kozizira kwa fakitole:

杀青 — kukhazikitsa (kuwotcha, “kupha zobiriwira”), kumene kumayimitsa okosijeni ya tsamba latsopano.
揉捻 — kupiringizira, kupanga tsamba ndi kukonzekera ma cell kuti asinthe pambuyo pake.
堆闷 — “kufota pang’ono mu mulu”: gawo lalifupi, lofewa, lomwe limapereka kuthira kochepa (发酵轻), osati kuwunjika konyowa kwakuzama kwa mtundu wa fakitole.
干燥 — kuyanika.

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi 厂茶 ndiko kuchepa kwenikweni kwa kuthira. Liubao wa fakitole “amafiira” mofulumira komanso modziwikiratu chifukwa cha 冷水渥堆; sheqian wa kumudzi amatuluka mu shopu akadali “wobiriwira-watsopano” m’chikhalidwe ndipo amafika pa mawonekedwe achikale a Liubao pang’onopang’ono, kwa zaka, m’kusasika kwachilengedwe.

Maonekedwe. Sheqian ndi, nthawi zambiri, tiyi wosasankhika (散茶) kapena madengu ang’onoang’ono a ‘luo’ (小箩), osati njerwa zolimba ndi matochi a mzere wa fakitole. Mawonekedwe osasankhika ndi madengu ang’onoang’ono amatsindika chiyambi chake cha “kunyumba,” chosachita malonda.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Ali wachinyamata: sheqian ndi mawonekedwe atsopano, “apamwamba”: fungo la 清香 loyera, lomveka bwino, thupi lopepuka, kuwala kwa masika kwamoyo. Izi sizachilendo kwa chithunzi chofala cha Liubao monga chakumwa “chofiira-chokhuthala” nthawi yomweyo — sheqian wachinyamata wa kumudzi ali pafupi ndi kutsitsimuka kwa masika oyambirira.
Akasungidwa: chikhalidwe chimasintha kwambiri — kuthira kopepuka ndi zopangira za mphukira zosakhwima pakapita nthawi zimatulukira kumbali ya 槟榔香 (bīngláng xiāng) yodziwika bwino — fungo la “betel-areca” lomwe m’dziko la Liubao limakhala ngati chizindikiro cha kusungidwa kwakanthawi kwabwino. Madzi amadetsedwa, thupi limalimba, kuya kozungulira kwa Liubao wokhwima kumawonekera.

9. Kupiza:

Sheqian amatuluka bwino akatsanuliridwa mu gaiwan kapena mu tiyapot yaing’ono ya Yixing ndi madzi otentha kwambiri; zopangira zoyambirira zosakhwima zimafunikira kutsanulira koyamba kwakanthawi kochepa ndikuwongolera mosamala nthawi, kuti tisaphwanye fungo latsopano la tiyi wachinyamata. Magulu okalamba amatha kupirira kutsanulira kambirimbiri ndipo amalola kuphika kwanthawi yayitali tsamba likamayamba kutseguka.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Momwe mungasiyanitsire sheqian:

Chiyambi ndi mzere. Uwu ndi 农家茶 (古法), osati 厂茶 wa fakitole: palibe zizindikiro za 冷水渥堆 ndi 双蒸双压, palibe zilembo zamagulu a fakitole.
Zopangira. Mphukira zosakhwima kwambiri, zoyambirira za m’masika (kudula tsiku la she lisanafike) — m’mphepete mwa “mphukira” kwambiri mwa mzere wa kumudzi, mosiyana ndi tsamba lapakati la 茶谷/中茶 kapena 老茶婆 lankhanza.
Mawonekedwe malinga ndi zaka. Wachinyamata — 清香 watsopano, thupi lopepuka; wokalamba — kusuntha kupita ku 槟榔香 ndi thupi lolimba. Ngati pamaso panu pali tiyi “nthawi yomweyo wofiira, wokhuthala, wofewa” — ndiye kuti, mwina, ndi 红浓陈醇 wa fakitole, osati sheqian wachinyamata.
Maonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri tiyi wosasankhika kapena madengu ang’onoang’ono, osati njerwa zolimba, matochi ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu okanikizidwa a mzere wa fakitole.
Osasokoneza ndi magulu ang’onoang’ono a kusungidwa. “Maluwa agolide” (金花) ndi “betel” yodziwika bwino ndi zotsatira za kusungidwa; zitha kuwonekeranso mu sheqian pakapita nthawi, koma mwa izo zokha sizimutanthauzira sheqian.

12. Mfundo Zosangalatsa:

Udindo mu kachitidwe ka Liubao. Liubao ndi wa gulu la tiyi wakuda (wofulidwa pambuyo pake) — 黑茶. Mkati mwa gulu ili, sheqian ali ndi udindo wapadera wamaluwa: safotokozedwa ndi zizindikiro za fakitole ndi magulu a “特级/一级” monga momwe zilili ndi 厂茶, koma amayesedwa ndi nyengo ndi kusakhwima kwa kudula mkati mwa 农家茶.
Magulu ang’onoang’ono “apadera”. Magulu ang’onoang’ono “apadera” odziwika bwino a Liubao — makamaka 金花六堡 wokhala ndi fungus yachikasu yonyezimira (冠突散囊菌, Eurotium cristatum), yomwe pali chitsogozo cha mgwirizano pa kachulukidwe ka “maluwa agolide” (团标, ≥1,7×10⁶), — izi ndi zinthu zodziyimira pawokha za kusungidwa ndipo sizikutanthauzo la sheqian. Sheqian ndi za zopangira zoyambirira zosakhwima ndi kuthira kopepuka; “maluwa agolide” ndi “betel” yodziwika bwino ndi zotsatira za nthawi ndi mikhalidwe ya kusungidwa.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa nthawi. Sheqian amakhalabe umboni umodzi wodziwikiratu kuti Liubao si kukoma kumodzi, koma kusiyanasiyana kwa nthawi kotheratu: tiyi yomwe imamwewa ali watsopano monga masika, ndipo kumapeto kwake imamwewa mozama, “betel” ndi yokalamba.