Lǜchá xiànjǐng

Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶 lǜchá) ndiye gulu lalikulu kwambiri la tiyi waku China, choncho ndi wolemekezeka pa chisokonezo cha mayina: mkati mwake muli mitundu yodziwika bwino yambiri (名茶 míngchá), ndipo mayina a m’mbiri anapangidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba, mtundu wa zinthu zosaphika kapena dzina la malo, osati malinga ndi luso lopangira. Nkhaniyi ikulemba “misampha” yodziwika bwino kwambiri kuti kalozera ikhale yoyera: gulu la tiyi limatsimikiziridwa ndi kaonedwe kakake, osati ndi liwu lomwe lili mu dzina.

Lamulo lalikulu: gulu ndi njira, osati liwu

Kukhala m’magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tiyi waku China kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira yopangira, makamaka kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa ‘kukhazikitsa zobiriwira’ (杀青 shāqīng, kuyimitsa ma enzymes ndi kutentha) ndi ntchito zina monga ‘kufewetsa’ (闷黄 mēnhuáng) kwa tiyi wachikasu kapena kuthirira kwa ma microbes kwa tiyi wakuda. Mawu oti “woyera”, “wachikasu”, “siliva”, “wobiriwira” mu dzina ndi malonda, mwambo wadera kapena kufotokoza maonekedwe, koma osati chisonyezero cha gulu. Kuchokera apa pamatuluka zosiyanasiyana zonse zomwe zalembedwa pansipa.

”Woyera” m’dzina — wobiriwira m’gulu

Msampha wodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi 安吉白茶 (Ānjí báichá, “tiyi woyera wa Anji”). Ngakhale ali ndi liwu loti 白茶, uyu ndi tiyi wobiriwira. Chinsinsi chili mu mtundu wa albino 白叶一号 (báiyè yīhào). Pakakhala kutentha kwa masika, mphukira zazing’ono zimayamba “kuyera” (低温白化): tsamba limakhala ndi chlorophyll yochepa komanso ma amino acid ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakumwacho chikhale “chatsopano” kwambiri (鲜 xiān). Koma zinthu zosaphika zimakonzedwa motsatira luso la tiyi wobiriwira — ndi kukhazikitsa 杀青, popanda kufewetsa komanso popanda kufota komwe kumadziwika ndi tiyi woyera weniweni. Choncho 安吉白茶 ndi wa gulu la wobiriwira, ndipo amangotchedwa “woyera” chifukwa cha mtundu wake wotumbululuka.

Momwemonso, amakhalabe obiriwira, osati oyera, 正安白茶 (Zhèng’ān báichá), 天目湖白茶 (Tiānmùhú báichá) ndi 资溪白茶 (Zīxī báichá) — onsewa amapangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yofanana ya albino ndipo amakonzedwa ngati tiyi wobiriwira.

Phiri limodzi — magulu osiyanasiyana: 蒙顶山

Kuchokera kuphiri la Mengding (蒙顶山 Méngdǐngshān) kumatuluka tiyi wamagulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zimasokoneza. 蒙顶甘露 (Méngdǐng gānlù) ndi 蒙顶石花 (Méngdǐng shíhuā) ndi obiriwira. Koma 蒙顶黄芽 (Méngdǐng huángyá) ndi wachikasu (黄茶), chifukwa popanga ake pali gawo la kufewetsa 闷黄, lomwe limapereka kufewa ndi kamvekedwe kofunda. Dzina limodzi la malo, dera limodzi lochokera — koma maluso osiyanasiyana ndipo, choncho, magulu osiyanasiyana.

”Zisingano zasiliva” zomwe sizili zofanana

Liwu loti “zisingano” (银针 yínzhēn) limatanthauza mawonekedwe — masamba obowoka ofanana ngati zisingano — ndipo limapezeka m’magulu angapo nthawi imodzi:

• 君山银针 (Jūnshān yínzhēn) — tiyi wachikasu (黄茶), wopangidwa ndi kufewetsa.
• 白毫银针 (Báiháo yínzhēn) — tiyi woyera (白茶), wopangidwa ndi kufota ndi kuyanika popanda 杀青.
• [滇红金针](https://ny.thetea.app/article/dianhong-jin-zhen) (Diānhóng jīnzhēn) — tiyi wofiira (红茶, wothirira kwathunthu).

Onse atatuwa ndi masamba owongoka ngati zisingano, koma magulu atatu osiyanasiyana. 君山银针 nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi 白毫银针 makamaka chifukwa cha liwu loti “zisingano”.

Dera limodzi — magulu awiri: 安化

Chigawo cha Anhua (安化 Ānhuà) ku Hunan chimapereka magulu awiri osiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi:

• 安化松针 (Ānhuà sōngzhēn, “zisingano za paini zochokera ku Anhua”) — tiyi wobiriwira wooneka ngati zisingano.
• 安化黑茶 (Ānhuà hēichá) — tiyi wakuda (黑茶) wopangidwa ndi kuthirira kwa ma microbes, komwe kumachokera mitundu yodziwika bwino ya “zolemera chikwi” (千两 qiānliǎng) ndi “njerwa ya fu” (茯砖 fúzhuān).

Chigawo chimodzi chomwecho, koma “zisingano za paini” ndi zobiriwira, ndipo “tiyi wakuda wa Anhua” ndi wakuda. Dzina la malo silimatsimikizira gulu.

毛尖 ndi mtundu, osati tiyi mmodzi

Liwu loti 毛尖 (máojiān) limafotokoza mawonekedwe ndi mtundu (zinthu zazing’ono zopiringizika zokhala ndi masamba obowoka), koma silimangiriridwa ku tiyi mmodzi kapena gulu limodzi:

• 信阳毛尖 (Xìnyáng máojiān, Henan) — wobiriwira.
• 都匀毛尖 (Dūyún máojiān, Guizhou) — wobiriwira.
• 古丈毛尖 (Gǔzhàng máojiān, Hunan) — wobiriwira.
• 沩山毛尖 (Wéishān máojiān, Hunan) — wachikasu (黄茶).

Ma “mao jian” atatu ndi obiriwira, pomwe wachinayi ndi wachikasu. Liwu lofanana mu dzina silikutsimikizira gulu lofanana.

Si wobiriwira, ngakhale “akumveka wobiriwira” kapena amamera m’dera lobiriwira

Mitundu ingapo yodziwika bwino ya tiyi imayikidwa molakwika m’gulu la obiriwira:

• 大红袍 (Dàhóngpáo), 铁观音 (Tiěguānyīn), 凤凰单丛 (Fènghuáng dāncóng), 冻顶乌龙 (Dòngdǐng wūlóng) — awa ndi ma ulong (青茶 qīngchá), othirira pang’ono, osati obiriwira.
• 普洱生茶 (Pǔ’ěr shēngchá) ndi 晒青毛茶 (shàiqīng máochá) — mwalamulo 晒青 (shàiqīng, kuyanika padzuwa) ndi njira ya kukhazikitsa ya tiyi wobiriwira, koma awa ndi maziko a zinthu zosaphika za pu’er, choncho tiyi wotere amawonedwa m’njira ya pu’er, osati ya wobiriwira.

Ndipo potsiriza, chofunikira kwambiri: 绿茶 ≠ ‘wobiriwira/organic’. Gulu limapangidwa ndi kaonedwe kakake, osati mtundu wa phukusi kapena mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe wa malonda.

Ndi obiriwira, koma “achilendo” m’mawonekedwe

Tiyi wina weniweni wobiriwira amaoneka mosazolowereka ndipo chifukwa chake amasokoneza:

• 六安瓜片 (Lù’ān guāpiàn) — ndi tiyi yekhayo amene amapangidwa kuchokera ku tsamba lokhalo, popanda mphukira ndi tsinde.
• 太平猴魁 (Tàipíng hóukuí) — tiyi wamkulu kwambiri wathyathyathya wa mtundu wa “masamba awiri ndi mphukira”, wamtali kufika pafupifupi 7 cm; uyu ndi tiyi wobiriwira woyanikidwa ndi kutentha (烘青 hōngqīng).
• 恩施玉露 (Ēnshī yùlù) ndi 仙人掌茶 (Xiānrénzhǎng chá) — ndi wobiriwira wa nthunzi (蒸青 zhēngqīng) wosowa ku China, kumene kukhazikitsa kumachitidwa ndi nthunzi, osati kutentha mu mbiya.

Tiyi wa nthunzi waku Japan — nkhani yosiyana

煎茶 (sencha) waku Japan, 玉露 (gyokuro), 抹茶 (matcha) ndi 玄米茶 (genmaicha) nawonso ndi obiriwira komanso a kukhazikitsa kwa nthunzi (蒸青), koma awa ndi tiyi waku Japan, ndipo sayenera kusakanizidwa ndi njira zaku China.

Momwe mungathere kukhala osakodwa: mndandwa wachidule wofufuzira

• Yang’anani luso lopangira, osati liwu. Kodi pali 杀青? Kodi pali 闷黄 (ndiye wachikasu), kufota popanda kukhazikitsa (woyera), kuthirira kwa ma microbes (wakuda)?
• “Woyera” mu dzina (monga kwa 安吉白茶) nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mtundu wa albino, osati gulu la 白茶.
• “Zisingano zasiliva” ndi “mao jian” ndi mawonekedwe omwe amapezeka m’magulu osiyanasiyana; fotokozani bwino dera ndi kaonedwe kakake.
• Dzina limodzi la malo (蒙顶山, 安化) likhoza kutulutsa tiyi wamagulu osiyanasiyana — musadalire geography ngati chizindikiro cha gulu.
• “Wobiriwira” monga gulu silifanana ndi “mtundu wobiriwira” kapena “organic”.

Chomaliza ndi chosavuta: mu tiyi wobiriwira, dzina nthawi zambiri limanyenga. Chizindikiro chodalirika nthawi zonse ndi luso lopangira, ndipo malinga ndi ilo timayika tiyi ku gulu lina kapena lina mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi.

Mitu yofananira: taxonomy ya tiyi wobiriwira, njira za huángchá, báichá, hēichá ndi pǔ’ěr.