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Tiyi ya chrysanthemum ndi chimodzi mwa zakumwa zochokera ku maluwa zofala kwambiri ku China, zomwe zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku maluwa owumitsidwa a chrysanthemum yolimidwa (菊花, júhuā). Ngakhale kuti pali mawu oti “tiyi” mu dzina lake, ichi sichimwa chochokera ku masamba a chomera cha tiyi cha Camellia sinensis, koma ndi choloweza m’malo mwa tiyi chachikale: mu ndondomeko ya zakudya za ku China, zakumwa zoterezi zimadziwika monga 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “tiyi woloweza m’malo”, kutanthauza kuti ndi mankhwala a zitsamba omwe amawathira ndi kumwa monga mwambo wa tiyi. Chinthu chachikulu chogwiritsidwa ntchito chimachokera ku mitundu ingapo ya mtundu wa Chrysanthemum morifolium, wolimidwa m’zigawo za Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan ndi madera ena angapo. Pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, chrysanthemum amamwidwa ngati chakumwa “choziziritsa” cha chilimwe, nthawi zambiri ndi zipatso za goji kapena shuga wa kandulo, komanso amasakanizidwa ndi shu pu’er, kupanga chakumwa cha 菊普 (jú pǔ). Payokha pamsika pali chomwe chimatchedwa “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa” yochokera ku Xinjiang, yomwe, monga momwe zidzawonetsedwera m’munsimu, mwachibadwa si chrysanthemum ayi.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: mankhwala a maluwa a zitsamba, choloweza m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
Gwero la mwa botaniki: maluwa a chrysanthemum ya m’munda Chrysanthemum morifolium (banja la Asteraceae) ndi mitundu yofanana nayo yolimidwa.
Zomwe palibe mu mankhwalawa: masamba a Camellia sinensis — tiyi weniweni sapezeka mu mankhwala a chrysanthemum.
Madera akuluakulu: Zhejiang (Tongxiang, 桐乡), Anhui (Huangshan 黄山, Chuzhou 滁州, Bozhou 亳州), Henan (Jiaozuo 焦作 / dera lakale la Huaiqing 怀庆).

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha mankhwalawa. Mankhwala a chrysanthemum amawerengedwa kukhala “tiyi” kokha chifukwa cha momwe amamwidwira, osati mwa botaniki: chomera cha tiyi sichipezekamo, ndipo phindu la thanzi, kukoma ndi terroir zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chrysanthemum yokha. Mu ndondomeko ya ku China, zakumwa zoterezi zimaikidwa moonam’tima m’gulu lina la 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — mankhwala a zomera choloweza m’malo. Ichi si “choloweza m’malo chachinyengo”, koma mtundu wodziyimira payekha wa zaka mazana ambiri wokhala ndi njira zake zaulimi, kusanjidwa kwake ndi chikhalidwe chake chakuthira.

Dzina lachilatini limafuna chisamaliro: kulembedwa kovomerezeka kwambiri ndi Chrysanthemum morifolium, komabe m’mabuku ena a botaniki, mtundu womwewo umapezeka pansi pa dzina lofanana la Dendranthema morifolium — zotsatira za mkangano wakale wokhudza kugawa kwa mtunduwo. Apa tikugwiritsa ntchito Chrysanthemum morifolium chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala.

Payokha, tiyenera kunena momveka za “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa”: 天山雪菊 (tiānshān xuějú), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 昆仑雪菊 (kūnlún xuějú), mwachibadwa si chrysanthemum, koma coreopsis yojambula — Coreopsis tinctoria, chomera cha banja lomwelo la Asteraceae, koma mtundu wina, chochokera ku North America ndipo chimalimidwa ku mapiri a Xinjiang. Imagulitsidwa mu gawo lomwelo la malonda, koma ndi mtundu wosiyana.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Nthawi Yakale: chrysanthemum yakhala ikulimidwa ku China kwa zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri, poyamba ngati chomera chokongoletsera ndi chamankhwala.
Phwando: Phwando la Chisanu ndi Chinayi Chachiwiri (重阳节, chóngyáng jié) mwamwambo limalumikizidwa ndi chrysanthemum — kukwera malo okwezeka ndi vinyo wa chrysanthemum (菊花酒, júhuā jiǔ).
Chizindikiro: chrysanthemum ili m’gulu la zomera “zolemekezeka zinayi” za kujambula (四君子, sì jūnzǐ) pamodzi ndi maula, orchid ndi nsungwi, kuyimira kulimba mtima ndi nthawi ya mphukira.

Ndi chrysanthemum imagwirizanitsidwa mwamphamvu chifanizo cha ndakatulo-ndi-wodzipatula Tao Yuanming (陶渊明), yemwe adayamika maluwawo pa mpanda wakum’mawa. Kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chokongoletsera ndi “chamankhwala”, chrysanthemum m’kupita kwa nthawi idalowa mwamphamvu mu chizolowezi chatsiku ndi tsiku monga maziko a mankhwala otsitsimula, omwe amamwidwa chaka chonse, koma makamaka mu nyengo yotentha.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botaniki ndi Chinthu Chogwiritsidwa Ntchito:

Chomera: udzu wosatha wa banja la Asteraceae wokhala ndi tsinde lolunjika ndi masamba ogawanika.
Khola lamaluwa: dengu laling’ono, pomwe amasiyanitsa maluwa a bingu (m’mphepete, “maluwa ang’onoang’ono”) ndi maluwa a chubu (pakati) — ndilo dengu lonse lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu.
Chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito: maluwa athunthu owumitsidwa kapena masamba osatambasuka.

Mitundu yamalonda, yomwe ikupezeka pamsika, ndi yoyenera kufotokozedwa payokha.

胎菊 (tāi jú): chrysanthemum ya “mimba” — masamba osatambasuka kapena omwe angotambasuka kumene a chrysanthemum yoyera ya Hangzhou (杭白菊). Amawerengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chachikale, chofewa komanso chotsekemera chokhala ndi kuwawa kochepa.
白菊花 / 杭白菊 (bái júhuā / háng bái jú): chrysanthemums zoyera, choyimira chake ndi mankhwala ochokera ku Tongxiang (Zhejiang), omwe ali ndi udindo wa chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志, dìlǐ biāozhì).
黄山贡菊 / 贡菊 (huángshān gòngjú / gòngjú): chrysanthemum ya “msonkho” yochokera kudera la Huangshan (Anhui, dera lakale la Huizhou); maluwa oyera owonda, oyamikiridwa chifukwa cha kukoma koyera.
金丝黄菊 (jīnsī huángjú): chrysanthemums zachikasu za “nsonga zagolidi” zokhala ndi utoto wolemera wa mankhwalawo.
滁菊 (chú jú), 亳菊 (bó jú), 怀菊 (huái jú): motsatana zochokera ku Chuzhou, Bozhou (Anhui) ndi dera la Huaiqing (Henan).

Mitundu iyi ili m’gulu lachikale la “chrysanthemums zodziwika bwino”. Mndandanda wachikale wa “zodziwika bwino zinayi” (四大名菊, sì dà míng jú) nthawi zambiri umatchula 亳菊, 滁菊, 贡菊 ndi 杭菊; pomwepo mu mindandanda ina ya madera, 怀菊 (Henan, yomwe ilinso mu “mankhwala anayi a Huai”) imaphatikizidwapo mwa “zinayi” zija. Kapangidwe ka gulu la zinayi m’mbiri limasiyanasiyana malinga ndi magwero, zomwe ndi zoyenera kuziganizira.

Potsiriza, 天山雪菊 (tiānshān xuějú) — iyi, monga tanenera pamwamba, ndi coreopsis yojambula (Coreopsis tinctoria), osati chrysanthemum; imatchulidwa payokha chifukwa cha mankhwala ake ofiira amdima odziwika bwino.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Tongxiang (Zhejiang): madera athyathyathya, onyowa a delta ya Yangtze; kwawo kwa 杭白菊 yoyimira ndi masamba a 胎菊.
Huangshan (Anhui): madera a zitunda, omwe amapereka 贡菊 yoyera yowonda.
Xinjiang, mapiri a Kunlun: mapiri okwezeka, kumene amalima coreopsis ya “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa”.

Kukolola kwa chrysanthemum kumachitika kumapeto kwa mphukira, nthawi zambiri pakati pa October ndi November, pamene madengu afika pamlingo woyenera wa kutambasuka. Kwa masamba a 胎菊, kukolola kumachitika mwamsanga, asanatambasuke kwathunthu. Ubwino wa chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito umadalira mtundu, nthawi ya kukolola ndi kusamala kwa kuyanika osachepera momwe umadalirira malo.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga:

Kukolola: kuchotsa pamanja kapena pamakina kwa maluwa ndi masamba pa gawo loyenera.
Kukhazikika ndi kuyanika: njira zingapo — kuyanika ndi nthunzi ndikuyanika pambuyo pake (chikhalidwe cha 杭白菊), kuyanika ndi mpweya wotentha/kufota (chikhalidwe cha 贡菊), komanso kuyanika mosamala pamthunzi.
Kusanja: kusankha malinga ndi kukula, kukhulupirika ndi utoto.

Njira yoyanikira imakhudza kwambiri maonekedwe ndi kukoma. Kukhazikika kwa nthunzi ndi kuyanikanso kumapereka maluwa oponderezedwa pang’ono, obisika a mtundu wa Hangzhou; kuyanika kotentha kumasunga mawonekedwe otambasuka a 贡菊 ya Huangshan. Payokha titchule mchitidwe wovulaza wa kufukiza ndi sulfure (硫磺熏, liúhuáng xūn): umabvisa ndi “kutsitsimutsa” maonekedwe a chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito, koma umasiya fungo lowawa la asidi ndipo ndi wosafunika — mankhwala abwino amayanikidwa popanda izo.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Mankhwala: kuchokera ku chikasu chopepuka ndi chagolidi (chrysanthemums zoyera ndi zachikasu) kufika ku amber-fiira yozama (coreopsis ya “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa”).
Fungo: latsopano la maluwa-udzu, kwa masamba a 胎菊 — lozungulira komanso la uchi.
Kukoma: kofewa, kotsekemera pang’ono ndi kuwawa kochepa, kukoma kotsalira koyera.

胎菊 nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa ngati chinthu chotsekemera kwambiri ndi “chosalala”; 贡菊 imayamikiridwa chifukwa cha maluwa ake omveka; mitundu yachikasu imapereka mankhwala olimba; coreopsis imasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wolemera ndi zokomera za uchi.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Flavonoids: luteolin, apigenin, acacetin ndi ma glycosides awo — gulu lalikulu la zinthu zamoyo zogwira ntchito.
Phenolic acids: makamaka chlorogenic acid.
Mafuta ofunikira: zigawo za terpene (mwa zina borneol, camphor ndi zinthu zofanana), zomwe zimapanga fungo.

Kwa coreopsis ya “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa”, kapangidwe kake ndi kosiyana: utoto wozama ndi kukoma zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ma flavonoids-chalcones ake enieni (makamaka marein ndi zinthu zofanana). Mbiri yeniyeni imadalira mtundu, dera ndi njira yoyanikira.

8. Zinthu Zothandiza:

Monga momwe amaganizira mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha ku China: chrysanthemum imaikidwa m’gulu la zakumwa “zoziziritsa”, zimalumikizidwa ndi “kuyeretsa kutentha” (清热, qīngrè) ndi lingaliro la “kumveka bwino kwa masomphenya” (明目, míngmù); kuphatikiza kwachikale ndi zipatso za goji (枸杞, gǒuqǐ).
Zomwe sayansi imaphunzira: ma flavonoids ndi ma phenolic acids a chrysanthemum amafufuzidwa ngati ma antioxidants; izi ndi zotsatira za labotale ndi zoyambirira, osati zotsimikizika za kuchipatala.

Chenjezo lofunika: mankhwala a chrysanthemum ndi chakudya, osati mankhwala. Sali ndi malonjezo aliwonse ochiritsira, ndipo zonena zathanzi za malonda ogulitsa zimapitirira malire a nkhani ya encyclopedia. Mwa chenjezo losalowerera ndale lodziwika bwino, titchule kudziletsa pakumwa; kusamala pa nthawi ya pakati ndi kumwa mankhwala (ndi koyenera kufunsa dokotala kaye); komanso mmene angachitire anthu omwe ali ndi chifuwisi ku zomera za banja la Asteraceae. Zonsezi zikuperekedwa ngati chidziwitso, popanda malangizo ndi mlingo.

9. Kuthira:

Mlingo: pafupifupi 3–5 g wa chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito (maluwa angapo athunthu kapena dzanja la masamba a 胎菊) pa 200–250 ml wa madzi.
Madzi: pafupifupi 85–95 °C; kwa masamba osatambasuka ofewa, pafupi ndi malire apansi, kwa maluwa athunthu olimba ndi mitundu yachikasu — pafupi ndi apamwamba.
Chombo: galasi loyera kapena gaiwan — galasi limalola kusangalala ndi kutambasuka kwa maluwawo; chotengera chothirapo tiyi chimagwiranso ntchito.
Nthawi: 2–4 mphindi pa kuthira koyamba, kenako malinga ndi kukoma.
Kuthira mobwerezabwereza: chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito chimapirira kuthira 2–4; masamba a 胎菊 amapereka kukoma mofanana komanso motalika.

Chrysanthemum nthawi zambiri imamwidwa ndi kuwonjezera shuga wa kandulo (冰糖, bīngtáng) ndi zipatso za goji, komanso imathiridwa pamodzi ndi shu pu’er (菊普, jú pǔ). Mankhwalawo amaperekedwa bwino ozizira: atazizira kapena atakhazikika mufiriji kutentha, amatambasula mbali yotsitsimula. Coreopsis ya “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa” imathiridwa mofanana, koma utoto wake wozama umawonekera mwamsanga.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: pamalo ouma, amdima, mu chotengera chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, kutali ndi fungo lachilendo.
Zofooka: chinthu cha maluwa chimatenga chinyezi mosavuta, chimawopa chinyezi, chimataya fungo mosavuta ndipo chimawonongeka ndi tizilombo.

Pamene chinyezi chili chochuluka, n’kwanzeru kugwiritsa ntchito phukusi losindikizidwa; ena amasunga chinthucho mufiriji mu chotengera chotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Maluwa onyowa kapena osalala amataya ubwino wake.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Cholinga cha ogulitsa ambiri: pafupifupi 160–280 ¥/kg, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu malinga ndi mtundu ndi gulu (masamba a 胎菊 ndi maphukusi apamwamba ndi okwera mtengo, chinthu wamba ndi chotchipa). Ichi ndi cholinga cha kukula kwake, osati chitsimikizo cha ogulitsa.
Momwe chinthu chenicheni chimawonekera: utoto wachibadwa, osati “wowala-moyera”; maluwa athunthu, osaphwanyika; fungo loyera la maluwa popanda kukakamiza kwa mankhwala.

Mavuto enieni a msika. Kufukiza ndi sulfure kumapereka maonekedwe osakhala achibadwa owala, “atsopano” ndipo kumasiya fungo lowawa la asidi — akathiridwa, mankhwala oterowo amatha kutulutsa kununkhira koopsa. Kuonjezera utoto kumachitika, makamaka kwa mitundu yachikasu ndi kwa coreopsis: ngati madzi asanduka amtundu wosakhala wachibadwa mwamsanga, ndipo chinthucho “chimataya utoto”, ichi ndi chifukwa chokayikira. Coreopsis (天山雪菊) — ndi mankhwala ovomerezeka odziyimira payekha, koma nthawi zina amawonetsedwa ngati “chrysanthemum”, ngakhale ndi mtundu wosiyana. Potsiriza, 胎菊 ndi 贡菊 zodula nthawi zambiri amasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zotchipa. Zolangizira posankha — kukhulupirika kwa maluwa, utoto wachibadwa ndi fungo loyera.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Dzina lakuti 胎菊 limatanthauza kwenikweni “chrysanthemum ya mimba” — awa ndi masamba, othyoledwa asanatambasuke kwathunthu.
Kuphatikiza kwa chrysanthemum ndi shu pu’er — 菊普 (jú pǔ) — ndi chakumwa chodziwika bwino, pomwe maluwawo amafewetsa kukhuthala kwa tiyi wokalamba.
“Chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa” yochokera ku Kunlun — ndi chochitika chodziwika kwambiri pamsika, pomwe pansi pa dzina la chrysanthemum amagulitsa chomera china mwachibadwa (coreopsis).
Chrysanthemum — ndi umodzi mwa maluwa ochepa omwe alowa mu ndondomeko ya kujambula ya “olemekezeka anayi”, komanso mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha zakumwa.

Pomaliza:

Tiyi ya chrysanthemum ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): chakumwa chomwe amathira ndi kumwa ngati tiyi, koma chomwe sichimapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba a tiyi, koma kuchokera ku maluwa owumitsidwa a chrysanthemum. Uwu ndi mwambo wodziyimira pawokha wokhala ndi madera ake odziwika bwino — Tongxiang, Huangshan, Chuzhou, Bozhou ndi ena, — wokhala ndi kusanjidwa kwake kochokera ku masamba ofewa a 胎菊 kufika ku 金丝黄菊 zachikasu, ndi wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chake chodziwika cha kuthira, kuphatikiza kupereka kozizira ndi kuphatikiza ndi goji ndi pu’er.

Ndi ulemu wonse ku mtunduwo, ndikofunika kutchula zinthu ndi mayina ake enieni: tiyi weniweni mulibe mu mankhwalawa, ndipo “chrysanthemum ya chipale chofewa” yochokera ku Xinjiang ndi coreopsis yojambula, osati chrysanthemum. Mankhwala a chrysanthemum akhalabe chakumwa chokoma cha chakudya, osati mankhwala, ndipo malonjezo aliwonse okhudza thanzi ayenera kuwunikidwa motsutsa. Kumvetsetsa chimene chiridi mu kapu kumangowonjezera mtengo wa chakumwa — monga mankhwala omwe ali ndi malo enieni, botaniki ndi luso kumbuyo kwake.

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