fèng qìng hóng chá

Tiyi yofiira ya Fengqing ndi imodzi mwa mawonekedwe ofunika kwambiri a tiyi yofiira ya ku Yunnan, yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina lodziwika bwino la dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng). Amachokera m’boma la Fengqing (凤庆县, Fèngqìng xiàn) m’chigawo cha Lincang (临沧市, Líncāng shì) kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Yunnan, m’mapiri a m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Lancang (澜沧江, Láncāng jiāng, kumtunda kwa Mekong). Awa ndi pomwe kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1930 anapangira koyamba dianhong, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo Fengqing adadziwika mwamwambo kuti “kwawo kwa dianhong” (滇红之乡, Diānhóng zhī xiāng). Tiyi amam’konda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa timphuno tagolide, kukoma kokhazikika kwa uchi ndi chimera, ndi mtundu wa madzi owala ofiira-lalanje okhala ndi m’mphepete wagolide wapadera. Chitsanzo chogulitsidwa pansi pa dzina la 风庆金螺头春 ndi tiyi yofiira ya kukolola koyambirira kwa masika yopotedwa pamanja ngati “spiral wagolide”.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi yofiira (yothira okosijeni kwathunthu) — 红茶 (hóngchá).
Gulu: tiyi yofiira ya ku Yunnan dianhong (滇红, Diānhóng); malinga ndi njira yopangira ndi tiyi yofiira ya gongfu (工夫红茶, gōngfū hóngchá).
Chiyambi: boma la Fengqing, chigawo cha Lincang, chigawo cha Yunnan (云南省, Yúnnán shěng), China.
Mtundu wa malo: mtundu/kachitidwe/gulu la chigawo.
Muyezo: tiyi yofiira ya gongfu imayendetsedwa ndi muyezo wa dziko GB/T 13738.2; dianhong ya ku Fengqing ilinso ndi udindo wa chinthu chokhala ndi chisonyezero cha malo.

Dzina lochokera pamndandanda wamitengo 风庆金螺头春 limamasuliridwa motere: 风庆 ndi kalembedwe kofala ka dzina la malo 凤庆 (Fèngqìng, Fengqing; chilembo 风 fēng chimalowa m’malo mwa choyambirira 凤 fèng); 金螺 (jīn luó) — “spiral wagolide” kapena “nkhono wagolide”, chisonyezero cha mawonekedwe opotedwa; 头春 (tóuchūn) — “masika oyamba”, kutanthauza kukolola koyambirira kwa masika, kofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kufewa kwa zinthu zake.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Chaka chobadwira: 1938–1939, pamene katswiri wa teknoloji ya tiyi Feng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘, Féng Shàoqiú) anafika ku Yunnan ndi kukhazikitsa kupanga tiyi yofiira m’boma la Shunning (顺宁, Shùnníng) la nthawiyo — lomwe lero ndi Fengqing.
Dzina loyambirira: tiyi poyamba ankatchedwa yunhong (云红, Yúnhóng), kenako dzina lakuti dianhong (滇红) linakhazikika, pomwe 滇 (Diān) ndi chidule cha Yunnan.
Bizinesi yoyambitsa: Fengqing Tea Factory (凤庆茶厂), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1939; pambuyo pake — Fengqing Dianhong Group.

Kubwera kwa dianhong kumagwirizana ndi ntchito yopanga tiyi yofiira yotumiza kunja panthawi yomwe madera achikhalidwe opangira tiyi kum’mawa kwa China anasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo. Feng Shaoqiu anayang’ana tchire lamasamba akuluakulu a ku Yunnan ndipo analandira tiyi yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa ubweya wagolide ndi kukoma kokhazikika. M’zaka zoyambirira, dianhong inasonyeza zotsatira zapamwamba pamsika wa auction ku London ndipo inakhala gawo lofunika la katundu wotumiza kunja wotengera ndalama zakunja. Pali nthano yofala yonenedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zitsanzo za dianhong yapamwamba kwambiri ya ku Fengqing zinkaperekedwa ngati mphatso ya ukazembe ku banja lachifumu la Britain; zotsimikiziridwa bwino ndi zolembedwa makamaka ndi mbiri yapamwamba yamsika ya tiyiyi kunja.

3. Kufotokozera Kwazomera ndi Zinthu Zopangira:

Mtundu wa zomera: Camellia sinensis var. assamica — mtundu wamasamba akuluakulu (wa Assam) wa chomera cha tiyi.
Chitsanzo: wamasamba akuluakulu a ku Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng), makamaka wamasamba akuluakulu a ku Fengqing (凤庆大叶种, Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng) — chitsanzo chosankhidwa cha m’deralo.
Zinthu zopangira “spiral wagolide”: mphuno imodzi kapena mphuno ndi tsamba limodzi lofewa la kukolola koyambirira; kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating’ono (毫, háo) pamphuno kumapereka mtundu wapadera wagolide.

Mtundu wamasamba akuluakulu umadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa polyphenols ndi zinthu zotulutsa kukoma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale woyenera kupangira tiyi yofiira komanso pu’er. Zinthu zopangira zimachokera ku mitengo yakale (古树, gǔshù), komanso ku minda yobzalidwa mwachizolowezi (台地, táidì); chiyambi cha zinthu ndi kalasi ya kukolola zimakhudza kwambiri mtengo ndi kukoma kwake.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Malongosoledwe a malo: boma la Fengqing lili pafupifupi pakati pa 24°13′–25°02′ kumpoto kwa latitude ndi 99°31′–100°13′ kum’mawa kwa longitude.
Kutalika: mtunda wa bomalo umasiyanasiyana kuchokera pafupifupi 900 mpaka kupitirira 3000 m; minda ya tiyi imapezeka makamaka pakati pa 1500–2100 m.
Nyengo: nyengo ya subtropical monsoon, yophatikiza latitude yotsika ndi kutalika kwakukulu; kutentha kwapakati pachaka kuzungulira 16–17 °C, mvula yapachaka pafupifupi 1300 mm.
Mawonekedwe a malo: mapiri otsetsereka m’chigwa cha Lancang, dothi lofiira ndi lateritic, chifunga pafupipafupi.

Kuphatikiza kwa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi usiku, kuwala kofalikira pansi pa mitambo, ndi kutalika kumathandizira kuti tsamba lizikhala ndi mankhwala onunkhira ndi shuga wosungunuka, zomwe ndi zofunika pa kutsekemera ndi “kukhazikika” kwa madzi amtsogolo.

5. Teknoloji Yopangira:

Kukolola (采摘, cǎizhāi): pamanja, koyambirira kwa masika; pa “spiral wagolide” amasankha makamaka mphuno ndi mphukira zokhala ndi tsamba limodzi lofewa.
Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): kufowoketsa tsamba kuti litaye chinyezi pang’ono ndi kuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwake.
Kupotedwa ndi kukonza mawonekedwe (揉捻, róuniǎn / 做形, zuòxíng): kuyambitsa njira za okosijeni ndi kupereka mawonekedwe; pa “nkhono wagolide” tsamba limapotedwa pamanja kukhala ma spiral olimba.
Okosijeni, “kuthira” (发酵, fājiào): gawo lofunika kwambiri la okosijeni yathunthu, kupanga mtundu wofiira wa madzi ndi makomedwe a uchi ndi chimera.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): kuletsa okosijeni ndi kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi kununkhira.

Kukonza mawonekedwe a “spiral wagolide” kumakhala kovuta ndipo kumachitika pamanja, choncho tiyi oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala m’magulu amtengo wapatali kwambiri kuposa gongfu wopangidwa ndi makina kapena tiyi yofiira yodulidwa.

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kukoma:

Tsamba louma: ma spiral olimba a mtundu wa golide-bulauni, wokutidwa mochuluka ndi ubweya wagolide (金毫, jīn háo).
Madzi: owala, owala bwino a lalanje-ofiira, ndi m’mphepete wagolide m’mbali mwa chikho (金圈, jīn quān) — chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa theaflavins.
Kununkhira: uchi ndi chimera, ndi timbewu ta mbatata yowotcha, zipatso zouma, nthawi zina maluwa pang’ono.
Kukoma: kokwanira, kotsekemera, kophimba, ndi kukoma kocheperako kofewa; ndi zinthu zabwino pafupifupi popanda kuwawa kwakukulu.
Tsamba litaphikidwa: lofiira ngati mkuwa, lofanana, lofewa pakugwira.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Polyphenols (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): m’zinthu zamasamba akuluakulu, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kokwera, zomwe zimawonjezera kukhazikika kwa madzi.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi okosijeni: theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù) ndi theabrownins (茶褐素, cháhèsù) — zimakhudza mtundu, kuwala ndi “thupi” la chakumwa.
Alkaloids: caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn), yomwe mu mtundu wa Assam nthawi zambiri imakhala yochuluka kuposa m’mitundu yamasamba ang’onoang’ono.
Amino acids (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): amathandizira pa kutsekemera ndi kufewa.
Mankhwala onunkhira: zigawo za mowa ndi terpene, zomwe zimapanga kununkhira kwa uchi ndi zipatso.

Miyezo yeniyeniyo imadalira chitsanzo, kutalika, nyengo ndi teknoloji, choncho pano ndi koyenera kulankhula za chikhalidwe cha kapangidwe kake osati manambala okhazikika.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Kutenthetsa thupi: monga tiyi wothira okosijeni kwathunthu, dianhong amaonedwa kuti ndi “wotentha” malinga ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe achi China ndipo amakhudza m’mimba mofewa kuposa tiyi wobiriwira.
Kuthandiza kugayitsa chakudya: nthawi zambiri amamwa pambuyo pa chakudya cholemera kapena chamafuta.
Mphamvu ya antioxidant: imachokera ku polyphenols ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi okosijeni yawo.
Kulimbikitsa: caffeine imapereka mphamvu yolimbikitsa.

Makhalidwe awa sayenera kutengedwa ngati malangizo achipatala. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa caffeine, madzi amphamvu salimbikitsidwa pafupi ndi nthawi yogona komanso ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la kukhudzidwa ndi caffeine.

9. Kuwira:

Chombo: gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) kapena teapot yaing’ono ya porcelain kapena dongo.
Madzi: ofewa, kutentha kozungulira 85–95 °C; pa zinthu zofewa za mphuno zokhala ndi ubweya wochuluka, n’kwanzeru kukhala pafupi ndi 90 °C kuti tipewe kuwawa kosafunikira.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: pafupifupi 4–5 g pa 100–120 ml.
Kutsuka: kutsuka mwachidule kwa masekondi 3–5 mwakufuna kwanu.
Kuthira: madzi oyamba amasungidwa kwa masekondi 5–10, kenako nthawi imawonjezedwa pang’onopang’ono; “spiral wagolide” wabwino amatha kupirira kuthira kwaufupi 6–10 kapena kuposerapo.

N’kothekanso kuwira mophweka: 2–3 g pa 200–250 ml mu kapu kapena teapot ndi nthawi yayitali yothira. Popitiriza kuthira, n’koyenera kutsanulira madzi onse kuti tsamba lisawiridwe mopitirira muyeso ndi kuti kuwawa kusabwere.

10. Kusunga:

Chombo: chotseka bwino, chosalowetsa kuwala, chopanda fungo lachilendo.
Mikhalidwe: kuzizira, kouma, kusowa kwa fungo lamphamvu pafupi.
Nthawi: tiyi yofiira imatseguka bwino m’zaka 1–2 zoyamba zitapangidwa; ambiri amamwa pasanathe zaka 2–3.

Mosiyana ndi pu’er, tiyi yofiira siyolinganizidwa kuti “ikalembe” kwa nthawi yayitali: pakapita zaka, kununkhira kwake kumachepa, ndipo kukoma kwatsopano kwa uchi ndi chimera kumafowoka.

11. Mtengo ndi Zinthu Zonyenga:

Kusiyana kwa mitengo: ndi kwakukulu kwambiri — kuchokera ku dianhong wamba wotsika mtengo kupita ku tiyi owoneka bwino kwambiri opangidwa pamanja kuchokera ku zinthu zabwino zosankhidwa zoyambirira kapena kuchokera ku mitengo yakale.
Zomwe zimapangitsa tiyi kukhala wokwera mtengo: kuchuluka kwa mphuno ndi ubweya wagolide, kukolola koyambirira kwa masika, kupotedwa pamanja, chiyambi cha zinthu.

Njira zazikulu zachinyengo: kupaka utoto pa tinthu tating’ono kuti tifanane ndi “golide”, kupereka zinthu wamba ngati zinthu zochokera ku mitengo yakale kapena ngati “masika oyamba” (头春), kusakaniza magulu, kuwonjezera zonunkhiritsa m’malo mwa kununkhira kwachilengedwe kwa uchi. Zisonyezero zothandiza pakuyesa: mtundu wagolide wachilengedwe umaperekedwa ndi ubweya pamphuno, osati “golide” wofanana “wopakidwa utoto”; madzi ake ayenera kukhala owala ndi m’mphepete wagolide, wopanda matope; kununkhira — kwachilengedwe, osati kophwaphwa ngati mafuta onunkhiritsa; tsamba litaphikidwa — lathunthu, losinthasintha, lofiira ngati mkuwa. Mulu wa golide wooneka “wangwiro” wofanana ndi mtengo wotsika mokayikitsa ndi chifukwa chokayikira. Zonena za “mtengo wakale” ndi “masika oyamba” popanda umboni womveka wa chiyambi ziyenera kutengedwa mwatsankho.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Tate wa dianhong: kupanga koyamba kwa tiyi yofiira m’malo amenewa kunakhazikitsidwa ndi Feng Shaoqiu (冯绍裘) mu 1938–1939, nthawi ya boma la Shunning.
Mtengo wakale: kumalo a Xiangzhuqing (香竹箐, Xiāngzhúqìng) m’dera la Xiaowan (小湾镇, Xiǎowān zhèn) m’boma la Fengqing kuli mtengo wa tiyi wobzalidwa, womwe zaka zake zikuyerekezedwa pafupifupi 3200 — umodzi mwa mitengo yakale kwambiri yodziwika ya tiyi ya mtundu umenewu.
Kutchuka kotumiza kunja: m’zaka zoyambirira za kukhalapo kwake, dianhong inalandira zotsatira zapamwamba pamsika wa London ndipo inali gawo lofunika la ndalama zakunja potumiza kunja.
Tanthauzo la dzina: 滇红 kwenikweni amatanthauza “yofiira [ku] Dian”, pomwe 滇 ndi dzina lachidule lakale la Yunnan.
Chizindikiro cha mtundu: m’mphepete wagolide wa madzi (金圈) mwamwambo amaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha theaflavins ochuluka, tiyi yofiira yamphamvu.

Pomaliza:

Tiyi yofiira ya Fengqing ndi chikhalidwe cha dianhong ya ku Yunnan, yophatikiza zinthu zamasamba akuluakulu, malo ofewa a mapiri m’chigwa cha Lancang, ndi mbiri yomwe inayamba ndi dianhong yoyamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1930. Mtundu wa “spiral wagolide” wa kukolola koyambirira kwa masika umadziwika ndi kupotedwa pamanja ndi kuchuluka kwa ubweya wagolide, zomwe zimapereka kukoma kokhazikika kwa uchi ndi chimera ndi madzi owala okhala ndi m’mphepete wagolide.

Pogula, n’kwanzeru kutsata osati zilembo zazikulu zongoti “mtengo wakale” ndi “masika oyamba”, koma zizindikiro zooneka: chiyero ndi kuwala kwa madzi, kununkhira kwachilengedwe, mkhalidwe wa tsamba lophikidwa, ndi kuyenera kwa mtengo. Atawiridwa ndi madzi ofewa a kutentha koyenera ndi kuthiridwa mwachidule, tiyi wotereyu amatseguka mowolowamanja ndikuwonetsa momveka chifukwa chake Fengqing amatchedwa kwawo kwa dianhong.

the teas described here are available from teamotea