Gǔshù, dàshù, yěshēng, táidì

M’dziko la pu’er (普洱 pǔ’ěr) palibe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri — komanso chongokhudza nkhani zandalama — kuposa zaka ndi chiyambi cha mtengo wa tiyi. Chizindikiro ichi chimatsimikizira mtengo ndi mbiri ya zinthu zopangira kuposa dera kapena chaka, makamaka mu gawo la sheng pu’er (生普 shēng pǔ).

Chifukwa chake zaka za mtengo ndiye chizindikiro, osati mtundu

Tisanafotokoze mawuwa, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe funsoli lilili. Zaka za mtengo ndi mtundu wa kulima — si mitundu yosiyana ya tiyi kapena magulu odziyimira pawokha monga ‘wobiriwira motsutsana ndi wofiira’. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu ndi mtengo chomwe chimayikidwa pa chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimachokera ku phiri kapena mudzi wina. Dera limodzi limatha kutulutsa zinthu za “m’ magulu a zaka” zosiyanasiyana, ndichifukwa chake zolemba zam’midzi za pu’er zimatchula 树龄 (shùlíng, zaka za mtengo) pa gwero lililonse.

Chizindikirochi chimakhudza kwambiri sheng pu’er, koma mwanjira ina chimakhudzanso shu pu’er (熟普 shú pǔ), chomwe maziko ake ndi zokolola zazikulu za m’minda.

Magulu anayi malinga ndi zaka za mtengo

Mchitidwe waku China umayika ulemu kuchokera ku mitengo yakale ya m’nkhalango kupita ku zitsamba zazing’ono za m’minda. Malire pakati pa maguluwa ndiosamveka bwino ndipo amalamulidwa ndi mgwirizano wamsika osati muyezo wokhwima, koma mfundo zake ndizokhazikika.

古树茶 (gǔshù chá, ‘Tiyi wa Mitengo Yakale’). Pamenepa pa ulemu. Zimakhudza mitengo yazaka zana limodzi kapena kuposerapo, yomwe imamera m’minda yakale kapena m’nkhalango zomwe sizinayendetsedwe bwino. Iyi ndi 乔木 (qiáomù) — mitengo yayitali yokhala ndi mizu yakuya. Amakhulupirira kuti mizu yakuya komanso kukhwima kwa chomera kumapereka kamvedwe kake kochuluka, kosiyanasiyana komwe kumakhala ndi kakomedwe kotalikirapo. Ili ndi gawo lapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo ndi pamene pamakhala nkhani zambiri zokhudza kukwera mtengo.

大树茶 (dàshù chá, ‘Tiyi wa Mitengo Yaikulu’). Mitengo yokhwima, koma yochepera kuposa 古树. Gulu lapakati: si munda wa zitsamba, komanso si mitengo yakale yotsimikizika. Malire pakati pa 大树 ndi 古树 ndi omwe amatsutsana kwambiri ndipo ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika polemba zilembo.

小树茶 (xiǎoshù chá, ‘Tiyi wa Mitengo Yachichepere’). Mitengo yobzalidwa posachedwapa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imabzalidwa kuchokera ku njere kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yakale, yakomweko. Malinga ndi maonekedwe a chomera, iyi ndi mitengo kale, osati zitsamba zodulidwa, koma zaka zake ndizochepa, ndipo kamvedwe kake ka tiyi kamakhala kosavuta komanso kolimbika.

台地茶 (táidì chá, ‘Tiyi wa M’minda/M’mphepete mwa Mapiri’). Zitsamba zazifupi zomwe zimabzalidwa mothina pamizere pamapiri — ndizo zokolola zazikulu zomwe zimakhala maziko a shu pu’er yambiri komanso sheng yotsika mtengo. Zokolola zake ndizambiri, ndizosavuta kututa ndi kukonza, koma kakomedwe kake kamakhala kochepa kwambiri. Uku ndiko mapeto a chizindikirocho, kumene kumangoyang’ana kuchuluka.

Mtundu wa kulima — zakutchire, zapakati, zolimidwa

Pofanana ndi zaka, pali chinthu chachiwiri — chiyambi cha chomera, mlingo wa ‘kuwetedwa’ kwake.

野生型 (yěshēng xíng, mtundu wakutchire). Mitengo yomwe imamera popanda thandizo la munthu, ndipo ina mwa iyo imatulutsa masamba owawa kapena osadyeka. Madera odziwika a tiyi wakutchire ndi 大雪山 (Dàxuěshān) ndi 千家寨 (Qiānjiāzhài). Tiyi wakutchire ndi gulu lazomera komanso la okhomba, osati chakumwa chatsiku ndi tsiku.

过渡型 (guòdù xíng, mtundu wapakati). Zomera zomwe zili pakati pa zakutchire ndi zolimidwa. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi mtengo wotchuka ku 邦崴 (Bāngwēi).

栽培型 (zāipéi xíng, mtundu wolimidwa). Mitengo yomwe imabzalidwa ndi kusamalidwa mwadala. Ambiri mwa zinthu zopangira pu’er ndi amtundu uwu, mosasamala kanthu za zaka.

Kapangidwe ka pamwamba ndi mfundo ya kusankha

Chigawo chachitatu cha chizindikirochi sichikhudza zaka kapena chiyambi, koma momwe mtengowo umagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi momwe amasankhira zinthu.

单株 (dānzhū, ‘mtengo umodzi’). Zopangira zomwe zimatutidwa ku mtengo umodzi wokha ndikukonzedwa padera. Mchitidwe wapadera kwambiri wa okhomba: kakomedwe ka mtengo umodzi wakale wodziwika sichisakanizidwa ndi china chilichonse, zomwe zimatsindika umunthu wake ndikukweza mtengo.

藤条茶 (téngtiáo chá, ‘tiyi wa mpesa’). Si mtundu, koma njira yapadera yopangira pamwamba pa mtengo, pomwe nthambi zimatambasulidwa ndikuvulazidwa, ndikufanana ndi mipesa yopachikika — kumene amachokera dzinalo. Njira imeneyi ndiyodziwika m’madera a 勐库东半山 (Měngkù dōngbànshān) ndi 邦东 (Bāngdōng).

古树纯料 (gǔshù chúnliào, ‘Zopangira Zangwiro za Mitengo Yakale’). Kuphatikiza kwa phiri limodzi (dera limodzi) ndi mitengo yakale popanda kusakaniza ndi zokolola za m’minda yakale. Iyi ndiyo njira ya gawo lapamwamba: kuyeretsedwa kwa chiyambi kuphatikiza ndi zaka.

Ma phenotypes okhudzana

Pa chizindikiro chomwechi, palinso zomera zokhala ndi masamba ofiirira. 紫娟 (zǐjuān) ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana womwe unayambitsidwa posankha (品种 pǐnzhǒng), pomwe 紫芽 (zǐyá, ‘mphukira yofiirira’) ndi phenotype yachilengedwe yokhala ndi anthocyanins ochuluka, omwe amapatsa tsamba ndi kamwedwe ka tiyi mtundu wofiirira. Payekha pali 芽苞 (yábāo) — ‘mphukira-chikoko’ cha ku Yunnan, timphukira tating’ono timene nthawi zambiri timachokera ku mitengo yakutchire. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito m’magawo ang’onoang’ono, apadera amsika.

Kakomedwe ndi kaphikidwe poyang’ana mwa chizindikiro

Gulu la zaka limakhudza tiyi mwachilengedwe. Zopangira za 古树 zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kuzama kwake, kukhuthala kwamafuta a tiyi (omwe amatchedwa 厚 hòu, ‘makulidwe’), kuwawa kofewa, konkha komwe kumasanduka kakomedwe pambuyo pake (回甘 huígān), ndi kupirira kutsukidwa kambiri. 台地 wa m’minda nthawi zambiri amatulutsa kakomedwe kosavuta, kolimba komwe kamatha msanga ndikupanda kakomedwe kotalikirapo.

Mwachidziwitso, izi zikutanthauza kaphikidwe kosamalitsa ka sheng yachichepere yapamwamba: madzi otentha, koma kutsuka koyamba kwaufupi, kuti awulule magawo osati ‘kuwononga’ tsamba ndi kuwawa kochuluka. Momwe zopangira zomwe zanenedwa zilili zamtengo wapatali, ndi momwe pamafunira luso lapamwamba la kutsuka.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire ndi kusalipira mopitirira

Vuto lalikulu la chizindikirochi ndi kulumikizana kwake kwachindunji ndi mtengo popanda njira yosavuta yotsimikizira. Zaka za mtengo sizingawerengedwe pa tsamba louma, ndipo msika wadzaza ndi zopangira zomwe zilembo zake zikukwezedwa ndi gulu limodzi kapena awiri: 大树 imagulitsidwa ngati 古树, 小树 — ngati 大树.

Madziŵitso angapo. Choyamba, dalirani gwero ndi kutsatirika kwake: ogulitsa odalirika amayika zopangira ku mudzi wina wodziwika omwe ali ndi 树龄 yodziwika, ndipo zolemba zam’midzi zilipo chifukwa cha ichi. Chachiwiri, yesani tiyiyo osati chilembo chake — kukhuthala kwa tiyi, kutalika kwa kakomedwe pambuyo pake, ndi kupirira kutsukidwa ndizovuta kuzinyenga kuposa zolemba pa chikwatu. Chachitatu, kumbukirani kuti ‘古树’, ‘纯料’ ndi ‘单株’ ndi mawu okwera mtengo kwambiri komanso omwe amabedwa pafupipafupi mumsika; momwe mawuwo alili okweza, ndi momwe kuwonekera kwenikweni kwa chiyambi kuyenera kukhalira kwakukulu.

Ndipo, potsiriza, mfundo yayikulu: zaka za mtengo ndizothandiza, koma si chinthu chokhacho. Dera, luso la kukonza, ndi momwe amasungiramo zinthu zimapanga zotsatira mofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka, zomwe mtengo wakhala ukukhalako. Chizindikiro cha 树龄 chimafotokoza mtengo — koma sichikutsimikizira kuti ndi wolondola.