bǎihé huā

Maluwa a lily ndi maluwa owumitsidwa ndi masamba a mitundu ingapo ya lily, omwe ku China amawaphika ngati chakumwa chonunkhira cha mtundu wa golide wopepuka. Chogulitsachi ndi cha banja lalikulu la zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi waku China ndipo si tiyi m’lingaliro la botanical: mulibe ndipo sipangakhalepo masamba a Camellia sinensis. Mu dongosolo la malonda aku China, zakumwa zoterezi zimalembedwa ngati 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “choloŵa m’malo mwa tiyi,” kutanthauza kuti ndi chakumwa chochokera ku zomera zomwe zimamwewa ngati tiyi koma si tiyi. Zopangira zazikulu zimachokera ku mitundu ya mtundu wa lily, makamaka Lilium brownii var. viridulum ndi Lilium lancifolium, ndipo amalimidwa ku Hunan, Gansu, Jiangsu, ndi Jiangxi. Apa ndikofunika kuyambira pachiyambi kulekanitsa mbali ziwiri za chomera: kutchuka kwakudya ku China konse kunapezedwa ndi mizu yamnofu ya lily, pamene chakumwacho chimapangidwa ndi maluwa owumitsidwa, ndipo izi ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana kuchokera ku chomera chimodzi.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: chakumwa cha zitsamba, choloŵa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá)
• Banja la botanical: Liliaceae
• Mtundu: Lily (Lilium)
• Mitundu yayikulu: Lilium brownii var. viridulum (龙牙百合, lóngyá bǎihé) ndi Lilium lancifolium (卷丹, juǎndān — tiger lily; dzina lofanana Lilium tigrinum)
• Zopangira: maluwa owumitsidwa ndi masamba osatseguka mokwanira
• Madera akulu: Hunan, Gansu, Jiangxi, Jiangsu

Kuti tiyike mgulu moyenera, izi ziyenera kunenedwa molunjika: maluwa a lily alibe masamba a Camellia sinensis ndipo chifukwa chake si “tiyi” — ngakhale mwa botanical, ngakhale mwa ukadaulo. Mu dongosolo laku China, amagawidwa ngati 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): zakumwa zochokera ku maluwa, zipatso, mizu, ndi zitsamba zomwe maonekedwe ndi njira yophikira zimafanana ndi tiyi. Ili ndi mtundu wosiyana, wolemekezeka wa zakumwa wokhala ndi mbiri yake ya zaka mazana ambiri, osati chinyengo cha tiyi kapena choloŵa m’malo. Komabe, pharmacopoeia yachikhalidwe yaku China imavomereza pansi pa dzina 百合 zopangira za mitundu ingapo ya mtundu wa Lilium — kuwonjezera pa zomwe tazitchula, amaphatikizanso 细叶百合 (xìyè bǎihé, Lilium pumilum); kudziwika kwa botanical kwa katundu wina kumadalira dera ndi wopanga.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Dzina: 百合 (bǎihé) — kwenikweni “zolumikizana zana limodzi,” “zana limodzi zopindidwa pamodzi”
• Mawu a ukwati: 百年好合 (bǎinián hǎohé) — “zaka zana limodzi mu mgwirizano wabwino”

Dzinalo linapatsidwa ku chomeracho osati ndi gawo la pamwamba, koma ndi mzu: umapangidwa ndi mamba ambiri otsekeka, “zana limodzi” la magawo olumikizidwa, kuchokera pamenepo pamachokera kuphatikiza kwa zilembo 百合. Kufanana kwa mawu ndi chikhumbo 百年好合 (bǎinián hǎohé) kwapangitsa lily kukhala chizindikiro chokhazikika chaukwati — maluwa ake amaperekedwa kwa okwatirana kumene, amajambulidwa pa nsalu za zikondwerero ndi mbale, ndipo mizu pamodzi ndi njere za lotus (莲子, liánzǐ) amaperekedwa pamwambo waukwati chifukwa cha masewera a mawu okhudza ukwati wautali ndi wogwirizana.

Mzu wa lily umatchulidwa m’mabuku akale a zopangira zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo mu mwambo wa “Shennong Bencao Jing” (神农本草经, Shénnóng běncǎo jīng), ndipo kwa zaka mazana ambiri umakhala gawo la zakudya zathanzi (药膳, yàoshàn) — umaphikidwa, kuwiritsidwa mu maphalaphala ndi supu. Mchitidwe wophika maluwa owumitsidwa ngati chakumwa ndi pafupi ndi chikhalidwe chapakhomo, chapakhomo, ndipo unafala kwambiri ngati gawo la konda kwa maluwa 代用茶.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:

• Mawonekedwe a moyo: chomera cha bulb chosatha cha therere
• Tsinde: lowongoka, kutalika kufika 1.5 m kwa mitundu yolimidwa
• Masamba: opapatiza, a lancet, osakhazikika
• Maluwa: aakulu, a magawo asanu ndi limodzi a perianth, ndi stamen zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi ovary ya zipinda zitatu
• Zopangira za chakumwa: maluwa owumitsidwa ndi masamba

Kwa Lilium lancifolium (卷丹) maluwa ndi ofiira-lalanje okhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi masamba opindika kwambiri kumbuyo, pamene kwa Lilium brownii var. viridulum — aakulu, a mawonekedwe a funnel-tubular, oyera-mkirimi okhala ndi kawonekedwe kobiriŵira. Popangira chakumwa, amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka masamba ndi maluwa osatseguka mokwanira: mmenemo fungo limasonkhanitsidwa bwino ndipo amasunga mawonekedwe bwino poumitsa.

Kulima maluwa ndi mzu ndikosiyana kwenikweni. Mzu ndi chiwalo chosungira cha pansi pa nthaka, chamnofu, chopangidwa ndi mamba opindidwa ngati matailosi; ndiwo umapanga kufunika kwa zakudya ndi “mankhwala” kwa chomeracho. Maluwa ndi chiwalo choberekera chapamwamba, ndipo ndiwo okha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakumwa. Izi ndi mbali zosiyana za chomera chimodzi, njira zosiyana zokonzeratu, ndi zinthu zosiyana pa shelufu.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Gansu, Lanzhou (兰州百合, lánzhōu bǎihé): mizu yotchuka yotsekemera yakudya; likulu la kupanga ndi dera la Qilihe (七里河区, qīlǐhé qū)
• Hunan (龙牙百合, lóngyá bǎihé): “mzu wa dzino la chinjoka,” mzinda wa Longshan (龙山县, lóngshān xiàn) ndi dera la Shaoyang (邵阳, shàoyáng), mzinda wa Longhui (隆回县, lónghuí xiàn)
• Jiangxi: mzinda wa Wanzai (万载, wànzài)
• Jiangsu: Yixing (宜兴, yíxīng)

Lily ya Lanzhou imayamikiridwa makamaka ngati mzu wapamwamba — wotsekemera kwambiri moti umadyedwa pafupifupi wosaphikidwa; mwa botanical nthawi zambiri imagawidwa ngati Lilium davidii var. unicolor, kutanthauza mtundu wina, osati “dzino la chinjoka.” Hunan 龙牙百合 (Lilium brownii var. viridulum) imapereka mamba aatali, owoneka ngati dzino la chinjoka ndipo imadziwika chifukwa cha zopangira zakudya komanso zamaluwa. Ma lily amakonda dothi lomasuka, lotayira bwino lamchenga, nyengo yozizira ya m’mapiri kapena m’mphepete mwa mapiri, ndi chinyezi chapakati; chinyezi chochuluka chimawononga mizu. Chomeracho chimakula pang’onopang’ono — kuchokera kubzala mamba mpaka mzu wokwanira kugulitsa nthawi zambiri kumatenga nyengo ziwiri kapena zitatu.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

• Kututa: masamba ndi maluwa osatseguka mokwanira amadulidwa nthawi yopanda mvula
• Kukonza: kusanja, nthawi zina kuphika kwaufupi ndi nthunzi
• Kuumitsa: kuumitsa ndi dzuwa, kuumitsa mumthunzi, kapena ndi mpweya wotentha pa kutentha kofewa
• Kusanja: malinga ndi kukhazikika kwa maluwa ndi mtundu

Cholinga cha kukonza ndikuchotsa chinyezi mwachangu ndi mochenjera, kusunga mawonekedwe a masamba, mtundu wachilengedwe wa kremu-wachikasu, ndi fungo lowuluka. Kuumitsa mopitirira muyeso kumapangitsa maluwa kukhala osweka ndi “afumbi,” ndipo kusakwanira kuumitsa kumabweretsa nkhungu posunga. Zopangira zabwino zimasunga mawonekedwe odziwika a maluwa kapena masamba ndipo sizimaphwanyika kukhala fumbi. Nkhani ina ndi kukonza ndi sulfure (kufukiza) pofuna kuyeretsa ndi kuteteza ku tizilombo; njira iyi imapangitsa maluwa kukhala oyera mwachilendo ndipo imasiya fungo lakuthwa, zomwe zifotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu gawo la zonyenga.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

• Maonekedwe: maluwa owumitsidwa athunthu ndi masamba, kuchokera koyera-mkirimu mpaka wachikasu-bulauni wopepuka
• Fungo la zopangira zowuma: fungo lofewa lamaluwa, lokhala ndi kawonenedwe kopepuka ka uchi ndi zitsamba
• Kukoma kwa chakumwa: chofewa, chotsekemera pang’ono chokhala ndi kuwawa kosawoneka bwino
• Mtundu wa chakumwa: kuchokera pafupifupi wowonekera mpaka wagolide wopepuka

Kuwawa ndi khalidwe lachilendo la chakumwa cha lily, osati cholakwika; kumalinganiza kutsekemera ndipo kumachepetsedwa bwino ndi zowonjezera. Fungo ndi losakhwima, chifukwa chake maluwa a lily nthawi zambiri amaphikidwa m’magulu osakaniza, kumene amapereka “maziko amaluwa” osati kukhala otsogola.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

• Polysaccharides: gawo lalikulu, lodziwika kwa mtundu wa Lilium
• Steroid saponins ndi glycosides: zofala kwa zomera za banja la Liliaceae
• Mankhwala a phenolic ndi flavonoids: amapereka gawo la kukoma ndi mtundu
• Alkaloids otsalira: amapezeka mu zomera za mtunduwo, zomwe mwina zimafotokozera malangizo odziletsa

Kapangidwe ka maluwa kaphunziridwa mochepa kuposa kapangidwe ka mizu, komwe kuli zofalitsa zambiri. Magawo enieni a zigawo amadalira mtundu, dera, ndi njira youmitsira, chifukwa chake si koyenera kupereka manambala amodzi.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Chenjezo lofunika: maluwa a lily ndi chakudya ndi chakumwa, osati mankhwala. Pansipa pali zokha zomwe zimaganiziridwa za izi mu mwambo wamba waku China, ndi zomwe zimaphunziridwa mosamala ndi sayansi; malonjezo aliwonse a zotsatira zamankhwala, omwe amatsagana ndi chogulitsa mu malonda, amapitirira malire a nkhani ya encyclopedia.

• Mu mwambo wamba: lily imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a “kunyowetsa mapapo” (润肺, rùnfèi) ndi “kukhazika mtima ndi mzimu” (清心安神, qīngxīn ānshén); imagawidwa ngati chinthu cha chikhalidwe “chozizira” (微寒, wēihán)
• Zomwe zikuphunziridwa: zochita za biological za polysaccharides ndi saponins za ma lily ndi mutu wa kafukufuku wa labotale, zotsatira zake sizotsimikizira zochita zamankhwala za chakumwacho

Mwa machenjezo odziwika bwino, mosalowerera ndale: chikhalidwe “chozizira” cha chinthucho mwamwambo sichimaganiziridwa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwa omwe ali ndi chizolowezi cha mavuto a kugaya chakudya; kwa amayi apakati, oyamwitsa, anthu omwe akumwa mankhwala, ndi omwe sanayesepo chinthucho kale, ndi kwanzeru kudziletsa ndipo ngati ali ndi kukaikira kufunsa dokotala. Apa palibe miyeso kapena ndondomeko zamankhwala zomwe zimaperekedwa.

9. Kuphika:

• Kuyeza: pafupifupi 3–5 g ya maluwa owuma pa 200–300 ml a madzi
• Madzi: 85–95 °C; kuti fungo likhale lofewa, pafupi ndi malire apansi
• Zombo: kapu yagalasi kapena teapot yophikira, gaiwan
• Nthawi: mphindi 3–5 pa chakumwa choyamba
• Kutsanulira: 2–3, ndikuwonjezera nthawi
• Kupereka kozizira: nkotheka (kuyika m’madzi ozizira mufiriji kwa maola 4–8)

Galasi ndilabwino: kupyolera mmenemo mutha kuwona momwe maluwa amatsegukira. Maluwa a lily samamwewa “oyera” okhaokha — nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā), zipatso za goji (枸杞, gǒuqǐ), njere za lotus (莲子, liánzǐ) ndi shuga wochepa wa kandulo (冰糖, bīngtáng), zomwe zimachepetsa kuwawa. Popanga mozizira, kuwawa kumawonekera mochepa, ndipo kutsekemera kwa maluwa kumamveka bwino.

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: malo owuma, ozizira, amdima
• Chidebe: chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, chosawonekera bwino chikhoza kukhala chabwino; vacuum ndiyabwino
• Adani: chinyezi, fungo lachilendo, tizilombo, kuwala kwadzuwa
• Nthawi: pafupifupi miyezi 12–18 posungidwa moyenera

Maluwa owumitsidwa amatenga chinyezi mosavuta ndipo amatenga fungo lachilendo mosavuta, chifukwa chake amasungidwa kutali ndi zokometsera ndi khofi. Akanyowa, fungo lachikale ndi chiopsezo cha nkhungu zimawonekera — zinthu zotere siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Cholinga cha mtengo wogulitsira ambiri: pafupifupi 70 ¥/kg (mtengo umasintha malinga ndi nyengo, dera, ndi mtundu)
• Zinthu zenizeni: maluwa athunthu, odziwika ndi mawonekedwe, ndi masamba amtundu wachilengedwe wa kremu-wachikasu, ondi fungo loyera lamaluwa
• Zizindikiro zosautsa: kuyera kwachilendo, fungo lakuthwa la sulfure (chotsatira cha kufukiza ndi sulfure), kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi zonyansa zina

Mtengo wogulitsira pang’ono sunalonjezedwe apa — umadalira kuyika m’mapaketi ndi wogulitsa. Amawonjezera mumzere wa lily maluwa otsika mtengo ndi zodulira, ndipo kuyera nthawi zina “kumakokedwa” ndi kuyeretsa. Malangizo kwa ogula ndiosavuta: kununkhiza (fungo lachilengedwe motsutsana ndi la mankhwala kapena la sulfure), kuyang’ana mtundu (woyera ngati wakufa ndi chifukwa chokayikira), ndi kukhazikika (fumbi lambiri ndi zidutswa zosweka ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wotsika). Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira kusokonezeka kwa magulu: pansi pa mayina ofanana amagulitsa masamba owuma a daylilies (mu kuphika amatchedwa 黄花菜, huánghuācài) — ichi ndi chomera china ndi chinthu china.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• Dzina 百合 limafotokoza osati maluwa, koma kapangidwe ka mzu — “zana limodzi” la mamba opindidwa.
• Zizindikiro zaukwati zimamangidwa pa kufanana kwa mawu 百合 ndi chikhumbo 百年好合.
• Mzu wa Lanzhou ndiwotsekemera kwambiri moti umadyedwa pafupifupi waiwisi; chakudya chachikale ndi celery ndi lily (西芹百合, xīqín bǎihé).
• Chomera chimodzi chimapereka zinthu ziwiri zosiyana: mzu (chakudya chapamwamba) ndi maluwa (zopangira za chakumwa).
• Lily nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi daylily (黄花菜, huánghuācài): maluwa amafanana mmaonekedwe, koma awa ndi mitundu yosiyana.

Pomaliza:

Maluwa a lily ndi woimira wodziwika wa 代用茶 waku China: chakumwa chomwe chimaphikidwa ndikumwewa ngati tiyi, koma sichili tiyi ndipo sichikhala ndi masamba a camellia. Kuseri kwa fungo losakhwima la maluwa kuli chikhalidwe chachikulu, momwe mzu ndi maluwa zimakhala ndi miyoyo pafupifupi yosiyana — woyamba ngati chakudya chapamwamba ndi chopangira zakudya zathanzi, wachiwiri ngati maziko a chakumwa chopepuka chonunkhira, ndipo zomwe zimawalumikiza ndi chilembo “zana lolumikizana” ndi zizindikiro zaukwati zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nacho.

Monga chinthu, maluwa a lily ndi osavuta ndi oona mtima: zopangira zotsika mtengo, kukoma kofewa, kusinthasintha m’magulu osakaniza ndi mu kupereka kozizira. Njira yanzeru kwa iwo ndikuwatenga ngati chakumwa chokoma chochokera ku zomera, kuyamikira ma organoleptic ake ndi terroir, koma osayembekezera zodabwitsa zamankhwala kuchokera ku kapu ya chakumwa, ndikusankha zopangira malinga ndi mtundu wachilengedwe ndi fungo, osati malinga ndi malonjezo pa lebulo.

the teas described here are available from teamotea