home · article
Shú pǔ'ěr děngjí
shú pǔ'ěr děngjí · 熟普洱等级
Pu'er wokhwima (熟) amayesedwa osati potengera dera, koma malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kufewa kwa masamba omwe anaikidwa mu njira yowotchera yonyowa.
Pu’er wokhwima (熟) amayesedwa osati potengera dera, koma malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kufewa kwa masamba omwe anaikidwa mu njira yowotchera yonyowa. Mulingo umachokera ku kalasi yapamwamba kwambiri ya ‘yachifumu’ gōngtíng kufika ku yankhanza 九级 — ndipo ndi umene umatsimikizira maonekedwe, mtengo ndi ntchito ya tayi yomalizidwa.
Zomwe zimagawidwa
M’dziko la sheng (生) pu’er, zokambirana nthawi zambiri zimakhala za terroir, zaka za chitsamba ndi nyengo yotola. M’dziko la shu (熟) pu’er, ‘nyenyezi’ yapakati ndi grade yotengera kufewa kwa masamba, omwe adutsa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya 渥堆 wòduī (kuwotha konyowa). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kusanja apa ndiko kusiyanitsa kwa momwe masamba ndi masamba ang’ono analili achichepere ndi osalala, omwe anapangidwa kuti atsegule mu mulu.
Mzere wokhazikika wakonzedwa motere:
宫廷 gōngtíng > 特级 tèjí > 一级 yījí > 三级 sānjí > 五级 wǔjí > 七级 qījí > 九级 jiǔjí
Apa pamagwira malingaliro osavuta: nambala ikakhala yochepa, masamba amakhala osalala. Manambala osaka (一/三/五/七/九) ndi masitepe ofunikira kwambiri a sikelo; pamwamba pake pali magulu awiri ‘apamwamba’ — 特级 ndi wapamwamba kwambiri 宫廷. Payokha pali 老茶头 lǎo chá tóu — si masitepe a kusanja, koma chinthu chothandizira chochokera mu njira yomweyo yowotha.
Chomera: tiyi ya masamba akulu a ku Yunnan
Pansi pa sikelo yonse iyi pali maziko a chomera amodzi — 云南大叶种 Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng, mtundu wa masamba akulu a ku Yunnan wa chitsamba cha tiyi. Umenewu ndi maziko omwewo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa sheng pu’er, koma ndi kusintha kofunikira pa chiyambi cha minda.
Pa shu wamba, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito 台地 táidì — masamba ochokera kuminda ya mtunda, yodzala kwambiri, ndi yochepa zaka. Ichi ndi chisankho chanzeru: kuwotha kumafunikira kuchuluka kwakukulu ndi kofanana kwa zomera, ndipo tiyi ya mtunda imapereka zimenezo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kumapezeka gawo lapamwamba — 古树熟 gǔshù shú, pu’er wokhwima wochokera ku masamba a mitengo yakale gǔshù; zinthu zotere zimakhala zodula ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zochepa.
Mtundu wa masamba akulu ndi wofunikira makamaka pa shu: masamba ake okhuthala, olemera amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zotulutsa madzi ndi ma pectins, omwe m’njira yowotha amasandulika ndikupereka makulidwe a madzi ndi mawonekedwe a ‘kutsekemera ndi dothi’ omwe amadziwika.
渥堆: ntchito imene imapanga shu kukhala shu
Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa pu’er wokhwima ndi pu’er wosaphika ndi 渥堆 wòduī, kuwotha konyowa. Ndipo ndi siteji iyi, osati zaka za kusunga, imene imasiyanitsa shu ndi sheng.
Mwachidziwitso, masamba amawunjikidwa mu mulu waukulu wonyowa, kumene kumayambika kutsegula kwachilengedwe kwa ma microbes. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayendetsa njirayi ndi black aspergillus 黑曲霉 hēi qūméi (Aspergillus ndi mitundu yothandizana nayo). Tizilombo timeneti ndi tomwe timayendetsa zomwe zimatchedwa 后发酵 hòu fājiào — kupesa kwapambuyo, kumene pakatha milungu ingapo kumatheka kusandulika komwe kungafune zaka zambiri za kukalamba kwachilengedwe kwa sheng pu’er.
Kusanja malinga ndi kufewa kumakhazikitsidwa poyambira ntchito iyi: zinthu za 宫廷 ndi masamba ang’ono osankhidwa bwino ndi maluwa, pamene 九级 ndi masamba okhwima, okhuthala. Pambuyo pa kuwotha, kusiyana kwa kufewa kumapitirirabe muzinthu zomalizidwa, kumatsimikizira maonekedwe ndi kakomedwe.
Kufotokoza kwa masitepe
宫廷 (gōngtíng) — ndi kalasi yabwino kwambiri ya shu. Awa ndiwo masamba abwino kwambiri kuchokera pakuwotha: makamaka masamba ang’ono amodzi (单芽) ndi masamba achichepere kwambiri, ophimbidwa ndi ubweya wa golide — 金毫 jīn háo. Dzinali limatanthauza lingaliro la tiyi ya ‘yachifumu’, yosankhidwa bwino. Kunja kwake, ndi gulu laling’ono, loderapo, lolimba lomwe liri ndi madontho a golide owoneka.
特级 (tèjí) — ‘gulu lapamwamba’, zinthu zosalala kwambiri. Sikuti ndi masamba ang’ono okha, komabe akadali masamba achichepere ndi oonda okhala ndi masamba ang’ono. Ichi ndi sitepe lotsika kuchokera ku 宫廷, koma likadali gawo lapamwamba la sikelo.
一级 / 三级 / 五级 (yījí / sānjí / wǔjí) — gawo lapakati, logwirira ntchito la mzere. Nambala ikamakula, kufewa kumachepa: masamba okhwima kwambiri, masamba ang’ono ochepa, mawonekedwe okhwima a masamba. Awa ndi magulu ‘akale’, omwe amapangira gawo lalikulu la katundu — kuchokera ku ma bingi omangidwa mpaka ku tiyi yosiyana.
七级 / 九级 (qījí / jiǔjí) — zinthu zokhwima, gawo lotsika la sikelo. Awa ndi masamba okhwima, akuluakulu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga njerwa zomangidwa za 熟砖 shú zhuān. Zinthu zotere zimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha makulidwe a madzi, maziko oonekera a ‘dothi’ ndi kulimba pakupanga mobwerezabwereza, osati chifukwa cha kukongola.
老茶头 (lǎo chá tóu) — limayima palokha. Iyi si grade, koma chinthu chothandizira cha kuwotha: panthawi ya kupesa, masamba olemera ndi pectin (果胶) amamatirana pamodzi kukhala mipumulo yolimba. Mipumulo iyi imasankhidwa ndikugulitsidwa padera ngati chinthu chodziyimira pawokha. Chokhalitsa chake ndi kuphika kolimba kwambiri, kutsekemera koonekera ndi kutulutsa madzi kosatha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe okakamizidwa ndi pectin.
Miyezo
Sikelo ya kusanja kwa shu pu’er ndi gawo la dongosolo lovomerezeka (O) lowunika zinthu ndi zomwe zapangidwa. Masitepe enieniwo (宫廷, 特级, manambala osaka) ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndi mulingo wa kufewa zimalembedwa muzochita zokhazikika zamakampani. Nambala zenizeni za miyezo siziperekedwa pano, kuti asalowe m’malo mwa mfundo zongoganizira; ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mfundo — uku ndiko kusanja malinga ndi kufewa kwa zinthu zowotchedwa, osati makwerero a malonda.
Kakomedwe ndi kuwira
Maonekedwe a madzi amasintha mwachilengedwe motsatira sikelo.
- 宫廷 ndi 特级 amapereka madzi oyera, osalala, a ‘velvet’ okhala ndi fungo la zipatso zouma, shuga wakuda ndi maziko ofewa a mtengo-dothi; thupi ndi lolimba, koma la silika.
- 一—五级 — ndiye kusakaniza pakati pa thupi ndi kukhala kwadothi; madzi ndi odzaza mtundu komanso olimba, okhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika a ‘chipinda chapansi’ ndi a mtengo.
- 七—九级 — ndiye mawonekedwe a ‘dothi’ kwambiri, okhazikika, okhala ndi makulidwe okhwima; tiyi yotere imapirira madzi otentha kwambiri ndi nthawi yayitali ya kuwira.
- 老茶头 — ndi nkhani yapadera: madzi okhuthala kwambiri, otsekemera, ngati mafuta, omwe amatseguka pang’onopang’ono ndipo amatha kuwira maulendo makumi angapo.
Mfundo zambiri za kuwira kwa masitepe onse: madzi otentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 100 °C), kutsuka tiyi wouma mwachangu (kutsuka kwa nthawi yaifupi kumodzi kapena ziwiri, kuti ‘adzutse’ masamba owotchera omangika ndikuchotsa fumbi), kenaka kutsanulira kwaufupi mu gaiwan kapena mu tiyapoti ya Yixing ndikuwonjezera nthawi pang’onopang’ono. Mitundu yokhwima ndi 老茶头 imafunikira kukhudzana ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali pang’ono kusiyana ndi 宫廷 yosalala.
Momwe mungasiyanitsire pochita
- Masamba owuma. 宫廷 ndi ochepa, akuda, okhala ndi ubweya wochuluka wa golide 金毫; nambala ikamakula, masamba amakula ndi kukhala olimba, ndipo madontho a golide amachepa. 老茶头 amadziwika nthawi yomweyo — mipumulo yolimba yosagwirizana.
- Mtundu wa madzi. Kwa shu onse, madzi ndi akuda, ofiira-bulauni; magulu osalala amapereka mtundu wowonekera bwino komanso wowala, pamene okhwima amapereka wopanda kuwala komanso wolimba.
- Thupi ndi mawonekedwe. Magulu apamwamba — kusalala ndi ‘velvet’; otsika — makulidwe ndi maziko okhwima; 老茶头 — kukhuthala kwenikweni.
- Chiyambi cha zinthu. Kumvetsetsa kuti zomwe muli nazo ndi 台地 wamba kapena 古树熟 wapamwamba — kumathandiza kusintha ziyembekezo: shu wapamwamba wochokera ku mitengo yakale, pa msinkhu wofanana wa kusanja, umakhala wozama komanso wovuta kwambiri.
Chofunikira kwambiri choyenera kukumbukira: kusanja kwa shu pu’er ndi sikelo ya kufewa kwa zinthu zowotchedwa, osati kuunika kwa ‘khalidwe’ mwachidule. Njerwa yokhwima ya 九级 ikhoza kukhala tiyi yabwino yatsiku ndi tsiku, pamene 宫廷 yosalala — yokongola, koma si nthawi zonse imakhala ‘yozama’ kwambiri. Kusankha malinga ndi sitepe ndiko kusankha kalembedwe, komwe mumasankhira madzi, ziwiya ndi kayendedwe ka kuwira.