zhúyè

Masamba a bamboo (竹叶, zhúyè) ndi masamba owumitsidwa a mitundu yobiriwira nthawi zonse ya udzu wamtundu wa mitengo wa mtundu wa phyllostachys (Phyllostachys) ndi mitundu yofananira, omwe ku China akhala akuwathira madzi otentha ndi kumwa monga chakumwa chopepuka chotsitsimula. Chimenechi si tiyi m’lingaliro la zomera: mu zopangira mulibe konse camellia sinensis (Camellia sinensis), ndipo chakumwacho chomwe chili m’gulu la “tiyi zolowa m’malo” (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — zakumwa za zomera zomwe zimamwidwa monga tiyi, koma si tiyi. Bamboo imamera kumwera konse kotentha kwa China, ndipo masamba ake kwa zaka mazana ambiri akhala akumwa mopepuka, motchipa komanso “choziziritsa” m’nyengo yotentha. Chakumwacho chimayamikiridwa chifukwa cha mtundu wake wowala, fungo latsopano la udzu ndi phale, ndi kakomedwe kofewa kopanda kuwa kwa tannin monga tiyi weniweni. M’mafakitale amakono a zakudya, m’pamenenso amachotsera zotulutsa za flavonoid kuchokera m’masamba a bamboo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi mwambo wapakhomo wa “tiyi”.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: chakumwa cha zomera, cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); mwa zomera si tiyi.
• Banja: udzu (Poaceae / Gramineae), kafuko ka bamboo (Bambusoideae).
• Zopangira zazikulu: masamba a bamboo a mtundu wa Phyllostachys — makamaka 淡竹 (dànzhú) ndi 毛竹 (máozhú, Phyllostachys edulis).
• Gulu: zakumwa za zomera ndi maluwa owuma (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — kunja kwa gulu la zomera la tiyi wochokera ku Camellia sinensis
• Chiyambi: dera lotentha la China — Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui, Sichuan.

Muzopangira mulibe masamba a Camellia sinensis, choncho mulibenso mphamvu yonse ya theine, katekini ndi kukonza kodziwika kwa mankhwala omwe amapangitsa tiyi kukhala tiyi. Malinga ndi malamulo ake a zakudya ku China, chinthu choterochi chimadutsa ngati 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — chakumwa cha zomera, osati chopangidwa ndi tiyi. Mosiyana, tifunikira kulekanitsa magawo atatu okhala ndi mayina ofananira modzizwetsa:

• 竹叶 (zhúyè) — masamba enieni a bamboo, omwe nkhaniyi ikunena.
• 淡竹叶 (dàn zhú yè) — udzu wa Lophatherum gracile, chomera chaching’ono cha udzu, chosagwirizana ndi bamboo, ngakhale dzinalo limamveka ngati “masamba a 淡竹”. Ichi ndi chopangira chodziyimira chokha, chomwe chikuphatikizidwa mu Pharmacopoeia ya PRC (中国药典, Zhōngguó Yàodiǎn) pansi pa dzina la 淡竹叶. Sikuyenera kusokonezedwa ndi masamba a bamboo, ngakhale kuti m’magulitsa kusinthana kumachitika.
• 竹叶青 (zhúyèqīng) — uyu ndi TIYI wobiriwira wochokera ku camellia, wopangidwa m’dera la Phiri la Emeishan (峨眉山) ku Sichuan; amapangidwa kuchokera ku Camellia sinensis ndipo sakugwirizana ndi chakumwa cha bamboo. Kwa ichi tili ndi nkhani yosiyana.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kusamveka kwa msonkho: pansi pa dzina la 淡竹 (dànzhú) m’mabuku osiyanasiyana amatanthauzira Phyllostachys glauca kapena Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis — palibe mmodzi yekhayo, choncho mtundu weniweni wa zopangira umadalira dera lomwe zakololedwa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Bamboo ndi chimodzi mwa zifaniziro zapakati za chikhalidwe cha China: ali m’gulu la “anzake atatu a m’nyengo yozizira” (paini, bamboo, maula) ndi “anayi olemekezeka” limodzi ndi orchid, maula ndi chrysanthemum, kuyimira kulimba mtima ndi kuwongoka. Masamba a bamboo amatchulidwa m’mabuku akale a zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo mu “Bencao Gangmu” (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù) ya Li Shizhen, momwe amafotokozedwamo mphamvu “zoziziritsa” za masambawo. M’zochita za anthu akumwera kwa China, chakumwa chochokera m’masamba a bamboo chinali chakumwa cha chilimwe — amathetsa ludzu kumunda ndi panyumba, chifukwa zopangirazo zimamera kwenikweni pakhomo.

• Ntchito m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: chakumwa “choziziritsa” cha nyengo ya nyengo yotentha, chotchipa komanso chopezeka paliponse.
• Ntchito yosakanikirana: masamba akuluakulu a bamboo (mwachitsanzo, 箬叶, ruòyè, masamba a Indocalamus) mwamwambo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulunga zongzi (粽子) — tinthu ta mpunga; iyi ndi njira yosiyana yophikira, yosagwirizana ndi kuphika.

3. Malongosoledwe a Zomera ndi Zopangira:

• Chomera: udzu wosatha wa matabwa wokhala ndi tsinde la mipata la mfundo (culm).
• Masamba: ooneka ngati lance, ndi nsonga yakuthwa, ndi mitsempha yofanana ndi “timaukhonde” tating’ono tooneka pakati pa mitsempha.
• Gawo lokololedwa: masamba achichepere ofewa (嫩叶, nènyè), othyoledwa kuchokera ku nthambi.
• Kusiyana ndi Lophatherum: ku 淡竹叶 masamba ndi ochepera komanso ofewa, chomera n’chachifupi, cha udzu, ndi mizu yokhuthala, pamene bamboo weniweni ndi wooneka ngati mtengo.

Pachakumwa chophikidwa amakonda masamba achichepere obiriwira-wowala opanda zitsulo zolimba; masamba akale akuda amapereka zolimba zambiri ndi fungo lochepera.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Nyengo: yonyowa yotentha, ndi chirimwe chofunda ndi mvula yambiri.
• Dothi: la asidi, lotayirira, lotsika bwino la m’mapiri.
• Madera: minda yayikulu ya maozhu (毛竹) ku Zhejiang (kuphatikizapo mzinda wa Anji, 安吉), Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui.
• Kukolola: makamaka masika — chirimwe, pamene masamba ali achichepere; zopangirazo zimakhala zolimidwa zakuthengo komanso zochokera m’minda ya bamboo.

Bamboo imakula mwachangu ndipo imaphukanso pambuyo podula masamba, choncho kukolola masamba nthawi zambiri sikupikisana ndi kagwiritsidwe kake kaikulukulu (mphukira, matabwa).

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Ukadaulo ndi wosavuta komanso wosiyana kwambiri kuposa wa tiyi weniweni, ndipo umasiyana kuchokera ku kuwumitsa kwapanyumba mpaka kukonza kwa “monga tiyi”.

• Kukolola ndi kusankha: kusankha masamba achichepere, kuchotsa zitsulo zolimba ndi zinyalala.
• Kufowoketsa (摊晾, tānliàng): kuyala mosanjikiza chochepa kuti chotaya chinyezi china.
• Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): m’mitundu ya “monga tiyi” masamba amatenthedwa kuti aime kusanduka ndi kukhazikitsa mtundu wobiriwira; mu kuwumitsa kosavuta sitepe iyi imasiyidwa.
• Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): nthawi zina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa masamba mawonekedwe ndi kufewetsa kutulutsa.
• Kuwumitsa (烘干 / 晒干): ndi mpweya wotentha kapena padzuwa mpaka chinyezi chokhazikika.

Mzere wina wamafakitale ndi kutulutsa ma flavonoid a masamba a bamboo: kuphwanya, kutulutsa ndi madzi ndi mowa, kukhazikitsa ndi kuumitsa mwa kupopera. Chopangidwa cha mzerewu — si chakumwa, koma ufa wotulutsidwa.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva:

• Masamba owuma: kuchokera ku obiriwira mpaka wobiriwira-chikasu, ooneka ngati lance, ndi mtsempha wowoneka; fungo la udzu wowuma ndi udzu watsopano.
• Mtundu wa chakumwa: kuchokera ku wobiriwira-chikasu wowala mpaka wagolide wotumbululuka, wosawala.
• Fungo: latsopano la udzu ndi phale, ndi kanunkhira kakang’ono ka zobiriwira za bamboo ndi kathithi ka udzu.
• Kukoma: kopepuka, kofewa, kotsekemera pang’ono, ndi kumva koziziritsa ndi kuwa kofooka; thupi la chakumwa n’lochepa.
• Kukoma kotsatira: kofupikitsa, ndi kachidziwitso ka kutsekemera kobwerera (回甘, huígān).

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

• Ma Flavonoid (竹叶黄酮, zhúyè huángtóng): ma flavoni a C-glycoside — orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin; ndiwo omwe amaphunziridwa ngati zigawo zikuluzikulu zolimbana ndi okosijeni.
• Ma asidi a Phenolic: chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic ndi ena.
• Ma Polysaccharide ndi chlorophyll.
• Silicon: bamboo imasonkhanitsa kwambiri silika (silicon dioxide) m’matumbo ake.
• Ma Amino acid ndi mamineral: potaziyamu, manganese ndi ena m’miyeso yochepa.
• Ma lactone onunkhira ndi mankhwala ofanana ndi coumarin: amathandizira fungo.
• Kafeini: kulibe, mosiyana ndi tiyi weniweni, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa iwo omwe amapewa kafeini.

8. Zopindulitsa Zaumoyo:

Pansipa — zomwe anthu amakonda kuganiza pa mankhwalawa m’mwambo wapakhomo wa China, ndi zomwe zikuphunziridwa ndi sayansi. Ichi si mankhwala ochizira, koma chakumwa cha zakudya; zonena zilizonse zathanzi zam’magulitsa zimapitirira malire a encyclopedia.

• M’malingaliro amwambo: masamba a bamboo amawaika m’gulu la zakudya “zoziziritsa”, amawapatsa mphamvu “yoyeretsa kutentha ndi kuchotsa nkhawa” (清热除烦, qīngrè chúfán), “kupanga madzi ndi kulimbikitsa kukodza” (生津利尿, shēngjīn lìniào). Awa ndi magulu a mankhwala achikhalidwe ndi amwambo, osati zotsatira zotsimikiziridwa za pachipatala.
• Zomwe sayansi imaphunzira: ma flavonoid a masamba a bamboo amafufuzidwa ngati olimbana ndi okosijeni mu vitro ndi m’madongosolo a chitsanzo; chotulutsa cha masamba a bamboo ku China chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa okosijeni m’zakudya chololedwa. Ichi chimakhudza zamankhwala a zakudya, osati chithandizo.
• Mbiri ya kafeini: kusakhalako kwa kafeini kumapangitsa chakumwa kukhala choyenera kumwa madzulo.

Chenjezo losalowerera ndale: kudziletsa koyenera; anthu omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe “ozizira”, oyembekezera ndi akuyamwitsa, komanso pamene akumwa mankhwala n’koyenera kusamala ndi kufunsa katswiri. Encyclopedia sipereka mlingo kapena malangizo.

9. Kuphika:

• Mulingo: pafupifupi 3 — 5 g a masamba pa 300 — 400 ml a madzi.
• Kutentha: 90 — 100 °C; masamba amapirira madzi owira, pa chakumwa chofewa 90 — 95 °C ndi okwanira.
• Ziwiya: kapu yagalasi kapena ya porcelain, gaiwan kapena kapu chabe — masamba ndi osavuta.
• Nthawi ndi kutsanulira: chakumwa choyamba 3 — 5 mphindi pa kuphika kosavuta; m’njira yotsanulira — kwaufupi, amapirira kutsanulira 2 — 3, kenako kukoma kumatha mwachangu.
• Kutumiza kozizira: m’chilimwe chakumwa chozizira n’choyenera — thirani masamba ndi madzi ozizira ndi kusiya maola angapo m’firiji kapena phikani motentha ndi kuziziritsa ndi ayezi.
• Kusakaniza: kumagwirizana mosalowerera ndale ndi shuga wam’mabolo (冰糖, bīngtáng) kapena maluwa a chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā) — ichi ndi nkhani ya kukoma, osati njira yokakamizidwa.

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: malo owuma, ozizira, amdima opanda fungo lachilendo.
• Chidebe: chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu kapena thumba lotetezedwa ku chinyezi.
• Nthawi: fungo limawonekera kwambiri m’chaka chimodzi ndi theka choyamba, kenako pang’onopang’ono limazimirira.
• Zowopsa: chinyezi chowonjezeka chimapangitsa kugundana ndi nkhungu; masamba amatenga fungo mosavuta.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

• Mulingo wa mtengo wogulitsa ochuluka: pafupifupi 70 ¥/kg pa masamba owuma wamba a bamboo; ichi ndi chizindikiro cha ukulu, osati mtengo wogulitsa, womwe umadalira mtundu, kukonza ndi kulongedza.
• Mmene zopangira zenizeni zimawonekera: masamba athunthu kapena odulidwa ooneka ngati lance kuchokera ku obiriwira mpaka obiriwira-chikasu, ndi nsonga yakuthwa, mitsempha yofanana ndi timaukhonde tating’ono tooneka; fungo latsopano la udzu.

Mitundu yayikulu yosinthira ndi kusokoneza: kugulitsa udzu wa Lophatherum gracile (淡竹叶) pansi pa dzina la 竹叶 ndi mosemphanitsa; kusakaniza kwa zitsulo zolimba, tsinde ndi zidutswa; masamba a udzu wina ndi udzu mu mawonekedwe odulidwa; masamba akale akuda opanda fungo. Mosiyana, tiyenera kukumbukira kusokonezeka kwa mayina ndi tiyi wobiriwira 竹叶青 (zhúyèqīng): pansi pa dzinali amagulitsa tiyi wa camellia, osati chakumwa cha bamboo. Poyang’ana, n’koyenera kuyang’ana mawonekedwe ndi mitsempha ya masamba, kufanana kwa mtundu, kusakhalapo kwa fungo la m’nchafu ndi zosakaniza zachilendo.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Dzina lofanana-mowa: 竹叶青酒 (zhúyèqīng jiǔ) — ndi mowa wodziwika wa zitsamba kuchokera ku chigawo cha Shanxi (山西); dzinalo limafanana, koma ili ndi mankhwala a mowa, osati chakumwa cha masamba.
• Dzina lofanana-tiyi: sillable yomweyi 青 mu dzina la 竹叶青 kuchokera ku Emeishan amatanthauza tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku camellia — gwero lachikale la kusokonezeka.
• Chokulungira, osati chophikira: masamba akuluakulu a bamboo achibale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulunga zongzi ndi zakudya zina za mpunga, kuwapatsa fungo la zomera.
• Choletsa okosijeni m’zakudya: chotulutsa cha flavonoid cha masamba a bamboo chinalowa m’zochita za zakudya ku China ngati choletsa okosijeni chololedwa, zomwe ndi zachilendo kwa zitsamba za “tiyi”.
• Silicon wa bamboo: kusonkhana kwakukulu kwa silika m’matumbo a bamboo ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kulimba kwake ndi mphamvu yake yapadera “yobiriwira” ya mchere.

Pomaliza:

Masamba a bamboo ndi woimira woona mtima wa mtundu wa 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): chakumwa chomwe chimamwidwa monga tiyi, koma sichili tiyi ndipo mulibe camellia. Iwo ali ndi malingaliro awoawo — zopangira zopezeka zakumwera kotentha, kukonza kosavuta, chakumwa chowala ndi fungo la udzu ndi phale ndipo kopanda kafeini. Kuwawona ngati “cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi” n’kopanda chilungamo: uwu ndi mwambo wodziyimira pawokha wapakhomo wokhala ndi malo ake, ukadaulo ndi njira yophikira.

Chofunika kwa wogula — kusasokoneza magawo atatu okhala ndi mayina ofanana: masamba enieni a bamboo (竹叶), udzu wa Lophatherum gracile (淡竹叶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira 竹叶青 wochokera ku Emeishan. Iwo amalumikizidwa kokha ndi zilembo za Chitchaina m’mayina awo, koma osati ndi zomera kapena cholinga. Chakumwa chochokera m’masamba a bamboo chimayenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha chimene chili — chopepuka, choziziritsa, chakumwa chotchipa, osati chifukwa cha mphamvu zamankhwala zomwe amanenedwa kukhala nazo, zomwe zimakhalabe kunja kwa gawo la chakudya.

the teas described here are available from teamotea