zhōng huáng yī hào

Zhonghuang №1 (中黄一号, Zhōnghuáng Yīhào) — ndi limodzi la mitundu yamakono ya tiyi ya masamba agolide achikasu ndiponso tiyi wachikasu (黄茶, huángchá) amene amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iyeyu m’chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng). Kwawo kwa mtundu umenewu amati ndi m’boma la Tiantai (天台县, Tiāntái Xiàn) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Taizhou — dera lomwe lili ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri ya tiyi wa kumapiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Chibuda. Chinthu chachikulu chodziwika ndi mtundu umenewu n’chakuti mtundu wagolide wa masamba umachokera mu chibadwa chake: chitsamba chimakhala ndi chlorophyll wochepa komanso ma amino acid aulere ochuluka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiyiwo azikhala wofewa, wabwino, wopanda kuwawa kwenikweni. Mosiyana ndi tiyi wachikasu wamba, amene mtundu wake umachokera ku “kufikitsa mthethe” mwaukadaulo, pa mtundu umenewu, masamba ake amakhala achikasu kale. Masiku ano, Zhonghuang №1 ali ndi malo apadera pa m’gulu la mitundu ya tiyi “yowala” ya ku China ndipo ndiye maziko a chinthu chodziwika bwino cha “Tiantai Yellow Tea” (天台黄茶, Tiāntái Huángchá).

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wachikasu (黄茶, huángchá), m’modzi mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tiyi wa ku China.
Mtundu wa Chitsamba (cultivar): Zhonghuang №1 (中黄一号, Zhōnghuáng Yīhào) — mtundu wowala wagolide wachikasu.
Chiyambi cha Mtundu: boma la Tiantai (天台县, Tiāntái Xiàn), chigawo cha mzinda wa Taizhou (台州, Tāizhōu), chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng).
Gulu la Zomwe Atuta: mtundu wa masamba ndi thunthu; pa listi ya mitengo palembedwa kuti ndi wosweka — “duanye ye” (断芽叶, duàn yá yè), kutanthauza kuti masamba osweka ndi thunthu lake.
Mtundu/Chizindikiro: Tiyi Wachikasu wa ku Tiantai (天台黄茶, Tiāntái Huángchá).

Mzere wadziko (National standard) wa tiyi wachikasu (GB/T 21726) umagawa gulu limeneli kukhala mtundu wa thunthu lokha (芽型, yá xíng), mtundu wa thunthu ndi masamba (芽叶型, yá yè xíng), ndi mtundu wa masamba ochuluka (多叶型, duō yè xíng). Tiyi amene tikuti tikuwona pano ndi wa mtundu wa thunthu ndi masamba, koma wosweka (“断”): zinthu zotere zimatulutsa kukoma kwake m’madzi mofulumira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi zosweka. N’kofunika kumvetsa kuwirikiza kwa dzinali: “中黄一号” — ndi dzina la mtundu wa chitsamba, komanso la tiyi amene wakonzedwa, n’chifukwa chake mtundu umenewu umapezeka pamsika ngati tiyi wobiriwira komanso ngati tiyi wachikasu.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Kubwera kwa Mtundu: anasankha kuchokera ku kusintha kwamasamba achikasu komwe kunapezeka m’mapiri a Tiantai.
Kusankha ndi Kukhazikitsa: mtunduwo unapatulidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa pa nthawi ya kafukufuku wa zaka za m’ma 2000 mpaka 2010 ndipo unalembetsedwa ngati mtundu wabwino; mawu oyamba akuti “中” akusonyeza kuti mabungwe asayansi a ukadaulo adachitapo kanthu.
Maziko a Chikhalidwe: phiri la Tiantai (天台山, Tiāntái Shān), nyumba ya amonke ya Guoqingsi (国清寺, Guóqīngsì), sukulu lachibuda la Tiantai (天台宗, Tiāntái Zōng).

Phiri la Tiantai ndi limodzi mwa malo akale a chikhalidwe cha tiyi kum’mawa kwa China; limagwirizana ndi nthano yakuti munthu wa ku Japan anachokera kwawo, dzina lake Saichō (最澄, Chijapanizi Saichō, 767–822), amene anaphunzira m’nyumba za amonke zakumaloko, anabweretsa kwawo mbewu za tiyi, ndipo Izi zidayambitsa kufalikira kwa tiyi ku Japan. Pa maziko a mbiri yakaleyi, Zhonghuang №1 ndi chinthu chatsopano: iye akuyimira chipatso cha ukadaulo wamakono wosankha mitundu “yamitundu ina” ndipo ndi chitsanzo cha momwe gulu laling’ono la tiyi wachikasu likupezera chizindikiro chatsopano, chodziwika cha m’dera.

3. Mafotokozedwe a Zomera ndi Zinthu Zake:

Gulu la Zomera: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis — mtundu wa chitsamba, wa masamba ang’onoang’ono ndi apakatikati.
Chikhalidwe cha Kuwala: ndi wa m’gulu la mitundu yowala (masamba achikasu); mtundu wagolide umagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa chlorophyll ndipo nthawi zambiri umawonjezeka akakhala ndi kuwala kokwanira (mtundu womwe umakhudzidwa ndi kuwala — 光照敏感型, guāngzhào mǐngǎn xíng).
Tsamba: mwachibadwa n’lachikasu-golide, lowala kwambiri pa masamba ang’ono.
Mafotokozedwe a mankhwala m’masamba: amino acid ochuluka komanso ma polyphenol apakatikati.
Zinthu za tiyi ameneyu: thunthu ndi masamba osweka (断芽叶, duàn yá yè).

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ya masamba oyera yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kutentha monga Baiye №1 (白叶一号, Báiyè Yīhào, maziko a tiyi woyera wa Anji), yomwe imatuluka pokha pokha m’nyengo yozizira yachisanu, Zhonghuang №1 amasiyana chifukwa amasunga mtundu wagolide kwa nthawi yaitali m’nyengo ndipo mwa umenewu amafanana kwambiri ndi mitundu yachikasu-golide monga Huangjinya (黄金芽, Huángjīnyá). Kuchepa kwa chlorophyll kumatanthauza kuti photosynthesis siyothandiza, choncho chitsamba chotere nthawi zambiri sichibereka kwambiri ndipo chimafuna ukatswiri waluso kwambiri.

4. Malo ndi Zinthu Zake Zomera:

Chigawo Chachikulu: boma la Tiantai, komanso madera ena a Zhejiang, kumene mtunduwo amaulima mwachidwi.
Ma coordinates a Tiantai mwatsatanetsatane: pafupifupi 29° kumpoto (latitude), 121° kum’mawa (longitude).
Utali: m’mphepete mwa mapiri ndi malo otsetsereka; minda ya tiyi nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa 200 mpaka 800 m.
Nyengo: yamvula yapakati pa madera otentha ndi yozizira — chirimwe chotentha ndi chinyezi, chisanu chochepa, nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifunga.
Dothi: la asidi, lopanda madzi, lopangidwa ndi dothi lomwe limakhala ndi miyala.
Malo a mbiri yakale: dera la Huading (华顶, Huádǐng), phiri lalikulu la mapiri a Tiantai (pafupifupi 1100 m), lomwe lakhala likudziwika ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa “Huading yunwu” (华顶云雾, Huádǐng Yúnwù, “mitambo ndi chifunga cha Huading”).

Kutentha kochepa, chinyezi cha m’mapiri ndi chifunga pafupipafupi kumachedwetsa kukula kwa mphukira ndikuthandiza kuti amino acid achuluke, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa mtundu wowala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuti mtundu wagolide uwonekere, chitsamba chimafuna kuwala kokwanira, choncho kusankha kotchinga mbali kwa malo otsetsereka ndi mmene anabzalidira kumakhudzanso mtundu wa tsamba ndi mankhwala a m’masamba.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Mtundu wa Kakonzedwe: ukadaulo wa tiyi wachikasu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la “kufikitsa mthethe” (闷黄, mènhuáng).
Kututa: thunthu ndi masamba osalimba; pa mankhwala amene tikuti tiona pano, amagwiritsa ntchito masamba osweka a thunthu ndi tsamba.

Ndondomeko ya zochitika mwa mwachidule ndi iyi:

Kufowoketsa/Kuyala (摊放, tānfàng): masamba amayalidwa osanjikana pang’ono, kumachepetsa chinyezi ndi “kukhazika pansi” tsamba.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): kutenthetsa kuti ma enzyme asiye kugwira ntchito, kuletsa makutidwe ndi mpweya.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuumba tsamba ndi kuphwanya pang’ono ma cell; pa gawoli, masamba a thunthu ndi tsamba nthawi zambiri amasweka.
Kufikitsa Mthethe (闷黄, mènhuáng): gawo lofunika kwambiri ndiponso lomwe limapangitsa kuti tiyi wachikasu akhale wachikasu — masamba ofunda ndi achinyezi amaikidwa pansi ndi kuphimbidwa, pomwe ndi mphamvu ya kutentha ndi chinyezi chotsalira, kusintha kwina kosakhudza ma enzyme kumachitika. Chotulukapo chake n’chakuti ma polyphenol amafewetsedwa, kukoma kobiriwira kumachoka, ndipo kukoma kumakhala kozungulira komanso kotsekemera.
Kuuma (干燥, gānzào): kufikitsa ku mkhalidwe wouma ndi kukhazikitsa fungo.

Popeza kuti pa Zhonghuang №1, tsamba ndi lachikasu mwachibadwa, ntchito ya kufikitsa mthethe pano imachoka pa “kupatsa mtundu” kupita pa kupanga kukoma, n’chifukwa chake akatswiri nthawi zambiri amachita mofewa komanso mwachidule. Ndilo gawo la kufikitsa mthethe limene limasiyanitsa tiyi wachikasu wa mtundu umenewu ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa chitsamba chomwecho: popanda 闷黄 amapeza tiyi wobiriwira, powonjezerapo amapeza tiyi wachikasu.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva:

Tsamba louma: thunthu ndi masamba osweka a mtundu wagolide wachikasu, nthawi zambiri ndi madontho a ma tips owala.
Madzi a Tiyi: owala, oyambira ku chikasu chowala mpaka ku golide.
Fungo: latsopano, ndi tinzonzonomera ta chimanga chophikidwa, udzu watsopano ndi kanunkhira kochepa “kofunda”, ka chifukwa cha kufikitsa mthethe.
Kukoma: kwatsopano ndi kotsekemera, ndi kuzama kwa “umami” koonekeratu, kuwawa kochepa ndi kukakatira; kumamvekanso kutsekemera kobwerera (回甘, huígān).
Masamba Omasulidwa: tizidutswa tolimba, tachikasu-golide mofanana.

Mkhalidwe wosweka umapangitsa kuti madziwo akhale ochuluka ndi ofulumira kutuluka, koma osakhudza “magulu” a kukoma monga thunthu lathunthu; fungo lake limakhalabe lodziwika bwino kukhala latsopano ndi lofewa.

7. Mankhwala a M’kati Mwake:

Amino Acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): ochuluka kwambiri; malinga ndi chidziwitso chomwe chilipo, kuchuluka kwake kutha kupitirira 6 %, ndipo m’masamba a chiphunzitso cha masika kumafika pa zochuluka kwambiri, nthawi zingati kuposa mitundu wamba ya tiyi wobiriwira (pafupifupi 3–4 %).
Polyphenol (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): apakatikati, mwina pafupifupi 13–20 %.
Kuchuluka kwa polyphenol pa amino acid (酚氨比, fēn’ān bǐ): kochepa, zomwe zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukoma kwatsopano, kosapsa.
Caffeine: nthawi zambiri pafupifupi 2–4 %.
L-theanine: ndi mbali ya gulu la amino acid ndipo imathandiza kuti kukoma kukhale kofewa ndi “umami”.

Zomwe zaperekedwazi ndi zongoyerekeza ndipo zimatengera nyengo ya kututa, kuchuluka kwa thunthu, mmene anamerera ndi tsatanetsatane wa kakonedwe; kuti mupeze ziwerengero zenizeni, muyenera kudalira zotsatira za labotale za mulu weniweni.

8. Ubwino Wake:

Ma Antioxidant: ma polyphenol ndi ma catechin amagwira ntchito yoteteza thupi.
L-theanine: imathandiza kukhala wodekha koma wosonkhana, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya caffeine.
Kufewa m’mimba: chifukwa cha kufikitsa mthethe, tiyi wachikasu nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa bwino kuposa tiyi wobiriwira watsopano.
Kupereka Mphamvu: caffeine wapakatikati amapereka mphamvu yochepa, yopepuka.

Tiyi simankhwala ndipo satenga malo a chithandizo chamankhwala. Chakumwacho chili ndi caffeine, choncho anthu osamva bwino nayo, oyembekezera ndi oyamwitsa ayenera kumwa mochepa.

9. Kuwira:

Chidebe: gaiwan (盖碗), galasi lagalasi kapena mphika (zimathandiza kusangalala ndi tsamba lagolide), porcelain.
Kuchuluka Kwake: pafupifupi 3–4 g pa 150 ml; kumwa “mwachizolowezi” m’galasi, 2–3 g ndi kokwanira.
Madzi: ofewa, kutentha pafupifupi 80–90 °C.
Kutulutsa: kumwa koyamba kwachidule (10–20 s), kenako nthawi imawonjezeka pang’onopang’ono; imatha kutulutsa pafupifupi 3–5.

Muzindikira kuti masamba osweka amapereka kukoma kwawo mwachangu kuposa athunthu, choncho n’kubwino kutentha kukhala pafupi ndi 85 °C ndi kupanga kutulutsa kochepa, kuti musapeze kukhwima kopitirira ndi kuwawa pang’ono. Kuti muwire mu galasi, tsanulani masamba ndi madzi, alekeni akhale pansi, ndipo onjezerani madzi pamene akutsika, osathira pansi.

10. Kusunga:

Mkhalidwe: malo ozizira, amdima, owuma, ma phukusi otsekedwa bwino opanda fungo lachilendo.
Mufiriji: n’kotheka ngati atsekedwa mwahermetically; mutangotulutsa, lolani phukusilo lifikire kutentha kwa m’chipinda, osalitsegula, kuti musapeze kondensati.
Nthawi: monga tiyi womwe ali pafupi ndi wobiriwira, amakhala wabwino kwambiri pa nthawi ya pafupifupi miyezi 12–18.

Zhonghuang №1 sia m’gulu la tiyi osungidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali: m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, amataya kutsitsimuka kwa fungo ndi kuwala kwa kukoma, choncho n’kwanzeru kumwa ali wachinyamata.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Msinkhu wa Mitengo: mtundu wa thunthu ndi masamba osweka (断芽叶) — ndi umodzi mwa mitundu yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya Zhonghuang №1 ndipo ili m’gulu lotsika kapena lapakati.
Zodula: thunthu lathunthu la masika ndi masamba odulidwa bwino a mtundu umenewu amawononga ndalama zambiri.

Mitengo yeniyeni imatengera kwambiri nyengo, dera, kuchuluka kwa thunthu, ndi mbiri ya wopanga, choncho sikoyenera kutchula ndalama zenizeni; muyenera kuyang’ana pa kayerekezedwe ka magulu. Zoopsa ndi zonyenga zomwe zimakonda kuchitika:

Wobiriwira m’malo mwa wachikasu: tiyi wa chitsamba chomwecho, koma wopanda gawo la kufikitsa mthethe, amagulitsidwa ngati wachikasu — kukoma kumawonekera kukhala kwa udzu wobiriwira ndi kusowa kwa kuzungulira kofewa.
Kusinthanitsa ndi mtundu wina: m’malo mwa Zhonghuang №1, amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina yagolide, mwachitsanzo Huangjinya (黄金芽, Huángjīnyá).
Kusanganiza ndi kupaka utoto: kuonjezera masamba wamba obiriwira, nthawi zina — kupaka utoto wochita kupanga.
Kunama za komwe adachokera: kunena kuti tiyi ndi wochokera ku Tiantai popanda zifukwa.

Mmene mungasiyanitsire: tiyi weniweni wachikasu wa Zhonghuang №1 amakhala ndi mtundu wofanana wagolide wa tsamba louma ndi la masamba omasulidwa, kukoma kofewa kotsekemera kopanda kukakatira koopsa, ndi kanunkhira kodziwika “kofunda” chifukwa cha kufikitsa mthethe. Kubiriwira kowopsa, tizidutswa toyera kapena mtundu wowala modabwitsa — ndi zifukwa zokayikira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, n’kofunika kukumbukira kuti mtundu wosweka ndi wotsika mtengo mwalamulo kuposa wathunthu, ndipo simuyenera kulipira kwambiri kwa umenewu ngati ndi thunthu lapamwamba.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

Tanthauzo la Dzina: “中黄一号” kwenikweni “Wachikasu wa China №1” — “中” akutanthauza kutenga mbali kwa mabungwe asayansi a ukadaulo, “黄” akusonyeza tsamba lachikasu, “一号” — ndi nambala ya dongosolo la mtundu.
Mtundu “Wokwatirana nawo”: pali Zhonghuang №2 (中黄二号, Zhōnghuáng Èrhào), umene umagwirizana kwambiri ndi boma la Jinyun (缙云县, Jìnyún Xiàn) ku Zhejiang ndi chizindikiro cha “Jinyun Yellow Tea” (缙云黄茶, Jìnyún Huángchá).
Mtundu wochokera m’chibadwa, osati ku kakonzedwe: nkhani yapadera, pamene mtundu wa “wachikasu” wa tiyi umatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi chibadwa cha chitsamba, osati kokha ndi kufikitsa mthethe.
Moyo wapawiri wa mtundu: tsamba lomwelo nthawi zambiri limakonzedwa kukhala tiyi wobiriwira, n’chifukwa chake pamsika n’kosavuta kusokoneza tiyi wobiriwira ndi wachikasu.
Mzere wa mbiri yakale wa Tiantai: mtundu wamakono unamera m’dera limene mwambo umagwirizanitsa ndi kufalikira koyambirira kwa tiyi ku Japan kudzera mwa amonke omwe anaphunzira pa phiri la Tiantai.

Pomaliza:

Zhonghuang №1 ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene mwambo wa tiyi wa ku China umagwirizanitsira mizu yakale ndi kafukufuku wamakono. Mbali imodzi, kumbuyo kwake kuli phiri la Tiantai ndi nyumba zake za amonke zachibuda ndi chikhalidwe chakale cha tiyi wa kumapiri; mbali inayo, uyu ndi mtundu wat sopano wowala, umene mtundu wake wagolide ndi kuchuluka kwa amino acid kumapangitsa kuti ukhale wodziwika ndi wosavuta mwaukadaulo ngati chinthu chopangira tiyi wachikasu wofewa, watsopano.

Mkhalidwe wa thunthu ndi masamba osweka (浙江中黄一号断芽叶黄茶) — ndi umenewu wothandiza, wokwanira mtengo wa mtundu: sungafanane ndi thunthu lathunthu la masika pa kukhudzika kwake ndi magulu ake, koma umapereka mokhulupirika makhalidwe aakulu a Zhonghuang №1 — madzi agolide, kuwawa kochepa ndi kuzama kotsekemera kwa “umami”. Pofuna kudziwa tiyi wamakono wachikasu wa mtundu wowala, awa ndi malo abwino oyambira, ndipo kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa kakonzedwe kachikasu ndi kobiriwira ka tsamba lomwelo kumathandiza kuti musalipire ndalama zochuluka ndi kusankha chakumwa modziwa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea