zhè jiāng xiǎo zhǒng

Zhejiang xiaozhong (浙江小种, Zhèjiāng xiǎozhǒng) ndi tiyi wofiira (m’matchulidwe a Kumadzulo wakuda) wa mtundu wa xiaozhong, wopangidwa m’chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng shěng) kum’mawa kwa China. Dzinali limaphatikiza mfundo ziwiri: dera lopangira ndi kalembedwe ka luso ka xiaozhong (小种, xiǎozhǒng), komwe mbiri yake imati ndi mudzi wa Tongmu (桐木, Tóngmù) m’mapiri a Wuyishan (武夷山, Wǔyí shān) m’chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn). Kwenikweni uyu ndi woimira gulu la “xiaozhong wa kunja kwa mapiri” (外山小种, wàishān xiǎozhǒng) — tiyi wotengera njira za Zhengshan xiaozhong wa ku Wuyishan kunja kwa malo ake a mbiri. Zhejiang imadziwika kwambiri ndi tiyi wobiriwira, komabe ndi kukula kwa kufunika kwa tiyi wofiira m’dziko muno, madera ake ambiri olima tiyi aphunzira luso la xiaozhong ndi gongfu. Zotsatira zake, Zhejiang xiaozhong wakhala tiyi wofiira wopezeka watsiku ndi tsiku, osati wapamwamba wosonkhanitsidwa.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wokokoloka kwathunthu
Kagulu kakang’ono: tiyi wofiira wa xiaozhong (小种红茶, xiǎozhǒng hóngchá)
Kalembedwe: xiaozhong wa kunja kwa mapiri (外山小种, wàishān xiǎozhǒng)
Chiyambi: chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江省, Zhèjiāng shěng), China
Muyezo: umagwirizana ndi muyezo wadziko lonse wa tiyi wofiira wa xiaozhong GB/T 13738.3

Mawu akuti xiaozhong m’mbiri ankalozera tchire la masamba ang’onoang’ono (mosiyanitsa ndi mitundu ya masamba akuluakulu) ndi luso lapadera lomwe limaphatikizapo kuyanika pa utsi wa paini. Popita nthawi “xiaozhong” inakhala dzina la gulu lonse la tiyi wofiira wochokera ku Wuyishan. Zhejiang xiaozhong si dzina la malo lotetezedwa, koma gulu la msika ndi luso: tiyi wopangidwa motsatira kalembedwe ka xiaozhong kuchokera ku zinthu zobiriwira za ku Zhejiang.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mizu ya kalembedwe: mudzi wa Tongmu, mapiri a Wuyishan, kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1500 - koyambirira kwa zaka za m’ma 1600
Kufalikira: xiaozhong a “kunja kwa mapiri” anabwera pamene kufunika kwa tiyi wofiira kunkakula

Xiaozhong amadziwika kuti ndi tiyi wofiira woyamba m’mbiri padziko lonse: malinga ndi mbiri yofala, luso lake linakhazikika m’dera la Tongmu kumapeto kwa mzera wa Ming (明, Míng) ndi koyambirira kwa Qing (清, Qīng). Kudzera mu malonda otumiza kunja, tiyi wofiira anafika ku Ulaya, kumene anapanga lingaliro lomwe la “tiyi wakuda”. Pamene kufunika kunkakula, kupanga kwa kalembedwe ka xiaozhong kunatuluka kunja kwa chimake cha Wuyishan, ndikupanga gulu la xiaozhong a kunja kwa mapiri.

Zhejiang ndi amodzi mwa madera akale kwambiri a tiyi ku China, koma kutchuka kwake kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi tiyi wobiriwira (Longjing 龙井, Lóngjǐng, ndi ena). Komabe, chigawochi chilinso ndi tiyi wake wofiira, monga Jiujiu hongmei (九曲红梅, Jiǔqū hóngméi) wochokera ku mphepete mwa Hangzhou ndi Yuehong gongfu (越红工夫, Yuèhóng gōngfū) wochokera ku dera la Shaoxing. Kukonda kwambiri tiyi wofiira mkati mwa China m’zaka za m’ma 2000-2010 kunalimbikitsa minda yambiri ya tiyi wobiriwira ku Zhejiang kuphunzira luso la tiyi wofiira, kuphatikizapo la xiaozhong, ndipo Zhejiang xiaozhong anakhazikika ngati chinthu chopezeka cha m’deralo.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zinthu Zobiriwira:

Mtundu wa zomera: Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze
Mtundu wochepa: makamaka wamasamba ang’onoang’ono wa ku China (var. sinensis)
Mitundu ya tchire: mitundu ya m’madera, kuphatikizapo Jiukeng (鸠坑种, Jiūkēng zhǒng); amagwiritsidwanso ntchito Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng sìshísān) ndi mitundu ina ya m’deralo
Zinthu zobiriwira: masamba okhala ndi masamba okhwima poyerekeza; xiaozhong wachikale amathyoledwa mokulirapo kuposa gongfu wa nsonga basi

Jiukeng ndi mtundu wachikhalidwe wa ku Zhejiang wochokera m’boma la Chun’an (淳安, Chún’ān), wolimba ndi woyenera kutiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira. Pa kalembedwe ka xiaozhong, nthawi zambiri satenga zinthu zobiriwira zosakhwima kwambiri za nsonga, koma masamba okhala ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu: tsamba lokhwima kwambiri limapirira bwino kuyanika kwanthawi yayitali ndipo limapereka madzi othick, otenthetsa.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Nyengo: yotentha ndi yamvula, yamkuntho ya subtropical
Mtunda: mapiri ndi zitunda, minda m’mphepete mwa mapiri
Dothi: dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu la acidic
Kutalika: makamaka kuchokera pafupifupi ~200 mpaka ~800 m pamwamba pa nyanja m’mapiri a m’mphepete

Madera akulu a tiyi wofiira ku Zhejiang ali m’madera a mapiri a chigawochi: Lishui (丽水, Líshuǐ), Quzhou (衢州, Qúzhōu), Shaoxing (绍兴, Shàoxīng), mapiri a m’mphepete mwa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu). Nyengo yamkuntho yokhala ndi mvula yambiri, chifunga pafupipafupi, ndi nyengo yozizira yapakati imathandiza kuti tsamba lizikhala ndi zinthu zotulutsa. Zinthu zobiriwira za kumtunda kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zonunkhira komanso zofewa, za m’zigwa zimakhala zosavuta komanso zowawa.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Kuzungulira kwachikale kwa xiaozhong kumaphatikizapo:

Kufowoketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): kuchepetsa chinyezi cha tsamba; m’njira yachikhalidwe — m’chipinda chapamwamba cha nyumba ya utsi qinglou (青楼, qīnglóu) pothirira utsi wofunda wa paini
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuwononga makoma a maselo, kuyambitsa kukokoloka
Kuthirira / kukokoloka (发酵, fājiào): kupanga mtundu wofiira ndi ma pigment odziwika
Kuwotcha m’chigayo (过红锅, guò hóngguō): kuyimitsa kukokoloka mwachidule ndi kutentha — njira yachikhalidwe yeniyeni ya xiaozhong (sagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse)
Kupotozanso (复揉, fùróu): kuumbanso tsambalo
Kuyanika / kufukiza (熏焙, xūnbèi): kuyanika komaliza, kwa mtundu wofukizidwa — pamwamba pa paini yoyaka

Kusiyana kwakukulu kumachitika pakati pa mtundu wofukizidwa (烟种, yānzhǒng) ndi wosafukizidwa (无烟, wúyān). Mtundu wofukizidwa umayanikidwa ndi kununkhiritsidwa ndi utsi wa paini yotulutsa utomoni, zomwe zimapereka zokometsera zodziwika za utomoni ndi zofukiza. Gawo lalikulu la Zhejiang xiaozhong wamakono amapangidwa popanda kufukiza: pamenepo tiyi amakhala pafupi ndi kukoma kotsekemera kwa zipatso, osati zofukiza. Opanga ena amatengera kalembedwe ka “Wuyishan”, koma zinthu zobiriwira za m’deralo ndi luso losavuta nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsa mtundu wa Zhejiang ndi woyambirira wa Tongmu.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Tsamba louma: lopotoza molimba, lofiirira lakuda mpaka lakuda
Madzi: ochokera ku lalanje wofiira mpaka wofiira, owonekera bwino
Fungo: kwa wosafukizidwa — wotsekemera, wazipatso, wa uchi, nthawi zina ndi kamvekedwe ka longan wouma (桂圆, guìyuán); kwa wofukizidwa — utomoni wa paini ndi kufukiza
Kukoma: kofewa, kotsekemera pang’ono, ndi kamvekedwe ka malt; pambuyo pake kumakhala kofunda
Tsamba lotseguka: lofiira ngati mkuwa, laling’ono

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Ma pigment a kukokoloka: theaflavins (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), thearubigins (茶红素, cháhóngsù), theabrownins (茶褐素, cháhèsù)
Caffeine: pafupifupi pafupifupi 2–4% ya kulemera kouma
Catechin: mbali yaikulu yasinthidwa pa kukokoloka
Amino acid: kuphatikizapo theanine, yomwe imapangitsa kufewa
Zinthu zonunkhira za utsi: kwa mitundu yofukizidwa — zinthu za phenolic, kuphatikizapo zofanana ndi guaiacol

Chiyerekezo cha theaflavins ndi thearubigins chimatsimikiza kuwala ndi “kukhuthala” kwa madzi: theaflavins amapereka kuwala ndi kutsitsimula kowawa, thearubigins — mtundu ndi kukhuthala, theabrownins amawunjikana pochita bwino kwambiri ndi posunga, kumachepetsa kuwala. Mfundo zenizeni zimatengera zinthu zobiriwira ndi luso, chifukwa chake mipata ndi yoyenera pano, osati manambala amodzi.

8. Zinthu Zothandiza:

Khalidwe lotenthetsa: m’mwambo wa ku China, tiyi wofiira amayikidwa m’gulu la “ofunda”, wofewa m’mimba
Ma antioxidant: theaflavins ndi thearubigins amakhala ndi ntchito ya antioxidant
Mphamvu: caffeine pamodzi ndi theanine amapereka kuyambitsa kofewa
Chigayo: madzi ofunda amwera pambuyo pa chakudya mwamwambo

Tisathetse mopambanitsa: tiyi si mankhwala. Mitundu yofukizidwa imakhala ndi zinthu za pyrolysis ya nkhuni, chifukwa chake anthu omwe sakhudzidwa bwino ndi fungo lofukiza ndi bwino kusankha mtundu wosafukizidwa. Ngati muli ndi vuto la kusowa tulo, ndibwino kuchepetsa kuphika madzulo.

9. Kuphika:

Zida: gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) kapena teapot yaing’ono ya dongo la Yixing kapena porcelain
Chiyerekezo: pafupifupi 5 g pa 100–120 ml
Kutentha: 90–95 °C; kwa zinthu zobiriwira zofukizidwa zowawa ndizololedwa pafupi ndi 100 °C, kwa zofewa zosafukizidwa — pafupi ndi 90 °C
Kutsuka: kutsuka kwachidule (3–5 s) mwakufuna kwanu
Kuthira: koyamba 10–15 s, kenako ndikuwonjezeka pang’onopang’ono
Chiwerengero cha kuthira: 6–8 kapena kuposerapo ndi njira yothira

Ndi njira yothira (gongfu) tiyi amatseguka pang’onopang’ono: mathira oyamba amapereka kuwala ndi zipatso, apakati — kukhuthala ndi kutsekemera, omaliza — kumaliza kofewa kwa zipatso zouma. Njira ya “ku Ulaya” ndiyonso yotheka: 3–4 g pa 300–400 ml kwa 2–4 mphindi. Xiaozhong wofukizidwa amapirira bwino madzi otentha kwambiri ndipo ndi woyenera kumwa ndi mkaka.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe: chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, chosawala
Mikhalidwe: kuzizira, kuuma, kusowa kwa fungo lachilendo
Nthawi: tiyi wofiira ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa zaka 1–2 pambuyo potulutsidwa

Tiyi wofiira sanapangidwe kuti azisungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, monga sheng pu’er: popita nthawi fungo limazimirira, zipatso zatsopano zimachoka. Mitundu yofukizidwa imakhalabe yomveka motalikirapo chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kolimba ka phenolic, koma nayonso imataya kuwala pang’onopang’ono. Kusunga tiyi pafupi ndi zonunkhira, khofi kapena zonunkhiritsa nkosaletseka — amatenga mosavuta fungo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Gawo lamtengo: wopezeka, wotsika kuposa Zhengshan xiaozhong wa ku Wuyishan wochokera ku Tongmu
Kaimidwe: tiyi wofiira watsiku ndi tsiku, osati wosonkhanitsidwa
Chiwopsezo chachikulu: kugulitsa xiaozhong wa ku Zhejiang (wa kunja kwa mapiri) mongati ndi Zhengshan xiaozhong wa ku Tongmu

Mchitidwe wosakhulupirika waukulu ndi kusintha kwa malonda: xiaozhong wotsika mtengo wa kunja kwa mapiri wochokera ku Zhejiang (kapena zigawo zina) amamugulitsa ngati Zhengshan xiaozhong wolemekezeka wochokera ku dera lotetezedwa la Tongmu, kukweza mtengo mobwerezabwereza. Payekha, Zhejiang xiaozhong ndi chinthu choona mtima, ngati chigulitsidwa ndi dzina lake lenileni ndi pamtengo woyenera. Mfundo yachiwiri ndi kununkhiritsa kochita kupanga: mmalo mwa kuyanika kwenikweni kwa paini, amagwiritsa ntchito zokometsera zofukiza zopanga, zomwe zimapereka fungo lakuthwa, la “mankhwala” la utsi, lomwe limakhalabe lokhazikika ndipo silisintha kwenikweni pakuthira, mosiyana ndi utsi wamoyo. Zizindikiro za chiyambi cha kunja kwa mapiri: fungo losavuta, “lathyathyathya”, kukoma kofupika pambuyo pake, kufukiza kofanana popanda kuya kovuta kwa zipatso-utomoni kwa choyambirira.

12. Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi:

Kalembedwe ka xiaozhong amadziwika kuti ndiye kholo la tiyi wonse wofiira (wakuda) padziko lonse, ndipo ndi kuchokera ku Zhengshan xiaozhong wa ku Wuyishan komwe kumachokera kumwa tiyi ku Ulaya.
Mtundu wofukizidwa wa xiaozhong unakhala maziko a lingaliro la Kumadzulo la “Lapsang Souchong”.
Zhejiang m’mbiri ndi chigawo “chobiriwira”, chifukwa chake tiyi wake wofiira ndi njira yatsopano komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe inakula kuchokera ku chidwi chonse cha tiyi wofiira.
Kamvekedwe ka longan wouma (桂圆, guìyuán) ndi chofotokozera chachikale cha xiaozhong wabwino, chomwe mitundu ya kunja kwa mapiri imayesetsa.

Pomaliza:

Zhejiang xiaozhong ndi kulolerana koyenera pakati pa kalembedwe kodziwika ka xiaozhong ndi mtengo wopezeka. Safuna kukhala ndi udindo wa choyambirira cha Tongmu, koma akalembedwa moona mtima amapereka tiyi wofiira womveka, wofunda ndi wokoma wa kumwa tsiku ndi tsiku: mitundu yosafukizidwa imalowera ku kutsekemera kwa zipatso, yofukizidwa — ku khalidwe la utomoni ndi kufukiza.

Malangizo akulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kusiyanitsa gulu ndi chinyengo. Kugula Zhejiang xiaozhong monga tiyi wa kunja kwa mapiri wa ku Zhejiang pamtengo wofanana, mumalandira chinthu choona mtima; mavuto amangoyamba pamene amugulitsa ndi dzina la Zhengshan xiaozhong wotetezedwa. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathetsa kulipira mopitirira, komanso kukhumudwa.

the teas described here are available from teamotea