zhè jiāng máo jiān

Chizhejiang Maojian (浙江毛尖, zhèjiāng máojiān) ndi tiyi wobiriwira, womwe umaphatikiza pansi pa dzina limodzi mitundu ingapo ya tiyi wa kalembedwe ka “maojian” (毛尖, máojiān — “nsonga zaubweya”), wopangidwa m’chigawo cha Zhejiang kum’mawa kwa China. Uwu si mtundu umodzi wodziwika wokhala ndi malo ochepa, monga Xinyang Maojian kapena Duyun Maojian, koma ndi mtundu wa chigawo ndi kalembedwe: tiyi wobiriwira wopindidwa mwapang’onopang’ono wochokera ku masamba ofewa ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono, okutidwa ndi ubweya wa siliva. Chigawo cha Zhejiang ndi chimodzi mwa malo akuluakulu a tiyi wobiriwira ku China, ndipo “maojian” pano amapangidwa m’malo ambiri a tiyi, pogwiritsa ntchito luso ndi mitundu ya zitsamba za m’deralo. Chizindikiro cha “1号” (yī hào, “nambala wani”) mu mtengo chimasonyeza gawo la malonda kapena gulu la wogulitsa, osati nambala yovomerezeka ya mtundu wa chitsamba. Tiyi uyu amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha fungo lake latsopano la udzu ndi mabokosi, kukoma kwake kofewa kotsekemera, ndi maonekedwe ake aukhondo okhala ndi ubweya wooneka bwino.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) wa kalembedwe ka “maojian”.
Gulu la malo: mtundu/kalembedwe/chigawo — dzina lophatikiza la gulu la tiyi, osati chizindikiro chimodzi chotetezedwa mwa geografiki.
Chiyambi: chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, zhèjiāng), kum’mawa kwa China; pafupifupi ma coordinates a chigawo 27–31° N, 118–123° E.
Tanthauzo la dzina: 毛 (máo) — “ubweya, tsitsi”, 尖 (jiān) — “nsonga, chakuthwa”; pamodzi zimasonyeza zopangira kuchokera ku masamba ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono okhala ndi ubweya wochuluka.
Dzina la malonda: 浙江毛尖1号 (zhèjiāng máojiān yī hào) — “Chizhejiang Maojian No. 1”; chiwerengero chimasonyeza giredi la malonda kapena gulu la wogulitsa weniweni.
Kukhazikitsidwa: palibe muyezo wadziko wapadera wa “Chizhejiang Maojian” monga tiyi wodziwika; mankhwala amapangidwa molingana ndi zofunikira zonse za tiyi wobiriwira.

Kalembedwe ka “maojian” kafalikira ku China konse: oimira ake odziwika kwambiri ndi Xinyang Maojian wochokera m’chigawo cha Henan ndi Duyun Maojian wochokera ku Guizhou, omwe ali ndi malo awoawo a geografiki ndi miyezo. “Chizhejiang Maojian” amasiyana nawo: pansi pa dzina limeneli pamsika pamabwera tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku Zhejiang, wopangidwa m’njira yodziwika ya maojian. Chifukwa chake kukoma ndi khalidwe la gulu lenileni zimadalira kwambiri wopanga, zopangira, ndi giredi, osati lamulo limodzi.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Chigawo chokhala ndi mwambo wakale: Zhejiang ndi imodzi mwa malo olerera tiyi ku China.
Kugwirizana ndi zolemba zakale: m’nthawi ya Tang, m’boma la Huzhou (湖州, húzhōu) m’dera la Zhejiang masiku ano, Lu Yu (陆羽, lù yǔ) ankakhala ndi kugwira ntchito, wolemba buku la “Cha Jing” (茶经, chá jīng, “Lamulo la Tiyi”).
Mizu ya msonkho: m’dera lomweli ankapanga tiyi wotchuka wa msonkho Guzhu Zisun (顾渚紫笋, gùzhǔ zǐsǔn), womwe unkaperekedwa ku bwalo lachifumu.

Kalembedwe ka “maojian” kwenikweni ndi chinthu cha nthawi imene ku China kunafalikira kwambiri tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wochokera ku zopangira zofewa. Dzina lakuti “Chizhejiang Maojian” siliri chizindikiro cha mbiri yakale kwenikweni, koma ndi chizindikiro chamakono cha msika, chophatikiza tiyi wobiriwira waubweya wa m’chigawo kuti agulitsidwe mochuluka ndi pang’onopang’ono. M’chikhalidwe, amatengera mwambo wamba wa tiyi wobiriwira wa Zhejiang, kumene kuyamikiridwa kwatsopano, kufewa kwa zopangira, ndi kututa koyambirira kwa masika.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

Chomera: chitsamba cha tiyi Camellia sinensis (茶, chá), makamaka mtundu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono var. sinensis.
Mitundu ya zitsamba (zitsanzo za Zhejiang): Jiukeng (鸠坑种, jiūkēng zhǒng) — gulu lachikhalidwe la m’deralo lochokera ku chigawo cha Chun’an; Longjing 43 (龙井43, lóngjǐng); Wuniuzao (乌牛早, wūniúzǎo) wothamanga; mitundu ya mndandanda wa Zhenong (浙农, zhènóng).
Zopangira: mphukira yokhala ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono amodzi kapena awiri; kwa magiredi apamwamba — kuchuluka kwa mphukira ndi masamba obiriwira a kututa koyambirira kwa masika.
Ubweya: ubweya wochuluka woyera wa siliva (毫, háo) pa mphukira ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chowoneka cha kalembedwe.

Kwa maojian, amakonda mitundu yokhala ndi ubweya wabwino wa mphukira ndi kumera koyambirira, zomwe zimathandiza kututa zopangira zofewa m’nyengo ya masika. Pamene kututa kukuchitika m’mbuyo ndi kofewa, giredi ndi mtengo zimakhala zapamwamba.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Nyengo: nyengo yamvula ya subtropical; chirimwe chofunda ndi chinyezi, nyengo yozizira yofewa, mvula yochuluka.
Malo: mapiri ndi mapiri ang’onoang’ono akumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa chigawo; minda nthawi zambiri imakhala kumapiri.
Nthaka: dothi lofiira la asidi ndi lachikasu, lotuluka madzi bwino.
Kutalika: kuyambira kumunsi kwa mapiri mpaka mapiri apakati; malo am’mapiri amapereka kukula pang’onopang’ono ndi zopangira zonunkhira bwino.
Kututa: kumayambiriro kwa masika, nthawi zambiri March-April; magulu abwino kwambiri — pafupi ndi Qingming (清明, qīngmíng) ndi mpaka Guyu (谷雨, gǔyǔ).

Madera akuluakulu opangira tiyi ku Zhejiang — madera ozungulira Hangzhou (杭州, hángzhōu), Shaoxing (绍兴, shàoxīng), Lishui (丽水, líshuǐ), Jinhua (金华, jīnhuá), Huzhou, ndi ena. Chifunga, kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa masana ndi usiku m’mapiri, ndi kuwala kobalalika kumathandiza kuti pakhale ma amino acid ochuluka ndi kufewa kwa kukoma.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Mtundu wa kupanga: tiyi wobiriwira wopanda fermentation; kukhazikika mwa “kupha zobiriwira”.
Kututa (采摘, cǎizhāi): kututa pamanja kwa mphukira zofewa ndi masamba obiriwira.
Kuyala (摊放, tānfàng): kuyala masamba osanjikiza pang’ono kuti atayike madzi pang’ono ndi kutulutsa fungo.
Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): kutenthetsa kuti kuyimitse oxidation, nthawi zambiri ndi kuwotcha m’mphika kapena makina.
Kupinda (揉捻, róuniǎn): kupanga mawonekedwe opindika mwapang’onopang’ono osasunga ubweya.
Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào): kufikitsa pa chikhalidwe m’magawo angapo, kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi fungo.

Ndondomeko yeniyeni ya njira imasiyanasiyana pakati pa opanga osiyanasiyana: maojian amatha kutuluka wowongoka kapena wopindika kwambiri, wokhala ndi katchulidwe ka mabokosi pakutenthetsa kwambiri. Cholinga chachikulu ndi kusunga ubweya, mtundu wobiriwira wa madzi, ndi fungo latsopano.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Masamba owuma: tiyi wopindika mwapang’onopang’ono wokhala ndi ubweya woyera wooneka bwino; mtundu kuchokera wobiriwira mpaka wobiriwira wotuwa.
Madzi: kuchokera wobiriwira wopepuka mpaka wobiriwira wachikasu, woonekera bwino.
Fungo: latsopano, la udzu ndi maluwa, ndi katchulidwe ka mabokosi okazinga ndi nyemba (板栗香, bǎnlì xiāng) pa magulu otenthedwa.
Kukoma: kwatsopano, kwamoyo, kofewa, ndi chowawa chochepa ndi kukoma kotsalira (回甘, huígān).
Masamba ophikidwa (叶底, yèdǐ): ofewa, osanjikana, obiriwira, ochokera ku mphukira zazing’ono ndi masamba ang’onoang’ono.

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati mwa Kemikolo:

Ma polyphenol a tiyi (茶多酚, chá duōfēn): ma catechin, kuphatikizapo EGCG; amapereka chowawa ndi ntchito ya antioxidant.
Ma amino acid (氨基酸, ānjīsuān): makamaka theanine (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān) — umami, kufewa ndi “kutsekemera” kwa kukoma.
Caffeine (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): alkaloid yolimbikitsa.
Mavitamini ndi michere: vitamini C ndi zina zosungunuka m’madzi, zodziwika kwa tiyi wobiriwira.
Zonunkhira: mankhwala osakhazikika, opanga mawonekedwe atsopano ndi a “mabokosi”.

Kukhazikika kwenikweni kumadalira mtundu wa chitsamba, kutalika, nyengo, ndi giredi; zopangira zoyambirira zofewa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma amino acid ochuluka, zomwe zimapereka kufewa ndi kuchepa kwa kukhalitsa m’kukoma. Ziwerengero zenizeni popanda kusanthula kwa labotale sizoyenera kuperekedwa.

8. Zopindulitsa:

Zotsatira zolimbikitsa: chifukwa cha caffeine pamodzi ndi theanine — mphamvu yopanda ukali.
Ma antioxidant: ma polyphenol a tiyi wobiriwira amadziwika ndi ntchito ya antioxidant.
Kupepuka: zopatsa mphamvu zochepa za chakumwa chopanda zowonjezera.

Tiyi wobiriwira m’mwambo watsiku ndi tsiku wa China amaonedwa ngati wotsitsimula komanso “wozizira” m’chilengedwe. Uyu si mankhwala; anthu okhudzidwa ndi caffeine ayenera kuganizira zotsatira zake zolimbikitsa ndipo asamwe tiyi pamimba yopanda kanthu kapena usiku kwambiri.

9. Kuwira:

Madzi: ofewa, owiritsidwa kumene ndi kuziziritsidwa mpaka 80–85 °C (kwa magulu a mphukira ofewa pafupi ndi 80 °C).
Mulingo: pafupifupi 3 g pa 150 ml; kwa galasi lagalasi — 2–3 g pa 200–250 ml.
Zombo: galasi lagalasi (玻璃杯, bōli bēi) kuti musangalale ndi tiyi, kapena gaiwan yadothi (盖碗, gàiwǎn).
Njira yowuzira: kwa zopangira zofewa kwambiri, “kutsanulira chapamwamba” (上投法, shàngtóu fǎ) ndikoyenera — choyamba madzi, kenako tiyi; kapena “yapakati” (中投法, zhōngtóu fǎ).
Mitsuko: mu gaiwan — kuviika kwaufupi, mitsuko 3–5; mu galasi — onjezani madzi pamene akutha.

Madzi otentha kwambiri amawononga masamba ofewa: kukoma kwa “kophika” kumawonekera ndipo chowawa chimakhala chokhwima, chifukwa chake madzi amayenera kuziziritsidwa. Musalekerere kutuluka koyamba: mu gaiwan masekondi 20–40 ndi okwanira, kenako nthawi ingakwezedwe pang’ono. Tiyi amamwa ali wamng’ono ndi watsopano, popanda zowonjezera.

10. Kusunga:

Kutsopana: tiyi wobiriwira amayamikiridwa ali wamng’ono; pachimake — mkati mwa miyezi ingapo mutatuta.
Mikhalidwe: kuyika kotsekedwa bwino, kozizira, mdima, kowuma; kutali ndi fungo lina.
Firiji kapena mufiriji: kuti usungidwe nthawi yayitali — utsekedwe mwamphamvu; tsegulani mosamala firiji, lolani paketiyo ifike kutentha kwa chipinda kuti musamachite chinyezi.
Nthawi: pafupifupi chaka chimodzi mukasunga moyenera; kenako kutsopana kwa fungo kumatha.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Gawo la mtengo: tiyi wobiriwira wopezeka mosavuta; wotsika mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zizindikiro zodziwika za Zhejiang monga Longjing pa giredi yofanana.
Zomwe zimakhudza mtengo: kututa koyambirira kwa masika, kuchuluka kwa mphukira, dera ndi mtundu wa chitsamba, ukhondo wa kupanga.
Chizindikiro cha “1号”: giredi la malonda la wogulitsa, osati chitsimikizo cha chiyambi; liyenera kutanthauziridwa molingana ndi wogulitsa weniweni.

Chiwopsezo chachikulu pano si chonyenga chizindikiro chodziwika (palibe chenichenicho), koma kusakaniza: kupereka masamba achilimwe kapena okhwima ndi a chaka chatha ngati ofewa a masika, kusakaniza magiredi otsika, kupaka utoto kuti aoneke “obiriwira”. Zizindikiro za tiyi weniweni: fungo lamoyo watsopano, ubweya wochuluka koma wachibadwa (osati wothira ngati fumbi), masamba ophikidwa ofewa osanjikana, madzi oyera achikasu-obiriwira opanda matope. Zomwe ziyenera kukayikitsa ndi mtundu wobiriwira kwambiri wosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe wa masamba owuma, matope a “fumbi”, fungo lathyathyathya kapena lotsekedwa, komanso chowawa chowawa chopanda kukoma kotsalira.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi:

Mtsogoleri pa tiyi wobiriwira: Zhejiang ili m’gulu la opanga ndi otumiza kunja akuluakulu a tiyi wobiriwira ku China.
Mawu oti “maojian”: awa ndi kufotokozera kalembedwe, osati malo amodzi; amapangidwa m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana.
Achibale m’dzina: “maojian” odziwika kwambiri ndi Xinyang (Henan) ndi Duyun (Guizhou), omwe sayenera kusakanizidwa ndi a Chizhejiang.
Ubweya ngati chizindikiro: kuchuluka kwa ubweya si kokongola kokha, komanso chizindikiro cha zopangira zofewa za mphukira.

Pomaliza:

Chizhejiang Maojian ndi kosavuta kumuwona osati ngati tiyi wodziwika bwino, koma ngati kalembedwe kodziwika ka tiyi wobiriwira waubweya, wozikidwa mu mwambo wolemera wa tiyi wa chigawo cha Zhejiang. Mphamvu zake ndi kupezeka, khalidwe latsopano la masika, ndi kukoma kofewa ndi kukoma kotsalira koyera; kufooka kwake ndi kusamveka kwa dzina lomwe, chifukwa chake khalidwe limadalira kwambiri wopanga weniweni ndi giredi.

Mukamagula, muyenera kuyang’ana osati pa nambala ya nkhani, koma pa zizindikiro zenizeni: chaka ndi nyengo ya kututa, fungo, maonekedwe a masamba owuma ndi ophikidwa. Kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa tsiku ndi tsiku, uku ndi kusankha kwanzeru: atawiritsidwa ndi madzi osatentha kwambiri ndi kumwa ali atsopano, amatulutsa zabwino zomwe terroir ya Zhejiang imapereka.

the teas described here are available from teamotea