yuǎn'ān lùyuàn · thetea.app

Yuan’an Luyuan (远安鹿苑, yuǎn’ān lùyuàn) ndi tiyi wachikasu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono (黄小茶, huáng xiǎo chá) wochokera m’chigawo cha Yuan’an m’chigawo cha Hubei, wodziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera a tsamba lotchedwa «环子脚» (huán zǐ jiǎo) ndi madontho ake otchedwa «鱼子泡» (yú zǐ pào). Uwu ndi tiyi yekha wa mbiri yakale wachikasu ku Hubei komanso m’modzi mwa “tiyi zazikulu zisanu zachikasu” (五大黄茶, wǔ dà huáng chá).

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi wachikasu.
Gulu: tiyi wachikasu wa masamba ang’onoang’ono — 黄小茶 (huáng xiǎo chá).
Udindo: m’modzi mwa “tiyi zazikulu zisanu zachikasu” (五大黄茶, wǔ dà huáng chá); tiyi yekha wa mbiri yakale wachikasu m’chigawo cha Hubei.
Chiyambi: chigawo cha Yuan’an (远安, yuǎn’ān), chigawo cha Hubei — malo a mapiri oyandikira mapiri.
Dzina: limachokera ku nyumba ya amonke ya Chibuda ya Luyuan (鹿苑寺) — malinga ndi matanthauzo a zilembo 鹿 (lù) ‘mbawala’ ndi 苑 (yuàn) ‘munda, malo’; tiyi wa dzina ili kuyambira kale amalumikizidwa ndi ulimi wa pakachisi ndi malo otsetsereka ozungulira.

Mosiyana ndi tiyi zina zodziwika bwino zachikasu, zomwe zimachulukira ku Hunan, Sichuan, Anhui ndi Zhejiang, Luyuan ndi woimira yekha wa gulu lomwe limamera pa nthaka ya Hubei, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wapadera m’madera.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Dzina lakuti “Luyuan” limalumikiza tiyi ndi malo a akachisi ndi mwambo wakale wa kulima m’malo otsetsereka ozungulira nyumbayo: mofanana ndi tiyi zambiri zodziwika bwino zaku China, idachokera ku dongosolo la amonke ndi mapiri, kumene kusamalira mitengo ya tiyi kunali gawo la moyo wachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Kwa Hubei, Luyuan ndi wodziwika ndi udindo wapadera wachigawo: chigawochi chimadziwika kwambiri ndi tiyi zobiriwira ndi zakuda, koma ndi Luyuan yomwe imausungira udindo wake pagulu la tiyi wachikasu, ndikupangitsa kukhala dzina lokha la “chikasu” la Hubei pa kaundula wa dziko lonse.

Mosiyana ndi tiyi zachikasu “zotchuka” zokhala ndi mzere wachifumu (贡茶), monga Junshan Yinzhen kapena Mengding Huang Ya, Luyuan ndi, koposa zonse, tiyi yamanja, yopangidwa mwaluso, yomwe mtengo wake umadalira kuphika kovuta ndi mawonekedwe odziwika, osati mbiri yapamwamba. Izi zikufotokozanso mbiri yake ya “kukhala yovuta” kupanga: 闷黄 (mèn huáng) yayitali imafuna kulamulira ndendende kutentha ndi chinyezi, apo ayi tiyi amatha “kupita” kuchita kupsa mtima kwa zobiriwira kapena kukalamba mopambanitsa.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira:

Zopangira: tsamba latsopano la msonkhano wa “mphukira imodzi - tsamba limodzi kapena awiri” (1芽1~2叶) — zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’gulu la 黄小茶.
Mlingo wa unyoro: si mphukira yokhayokha, monga “mphukira zachikasu” (黄芽茶, huáng yá chá), koma ikadali mphukira yobiriwira, yoyambirira kwa masika.
Chopambana: mulingo uwu wa unyoro ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa kununkhira kochepa kwa mphukira ndi kuchuluka kwakuthupi kwa tsamba laling’ono; ndi kumene kumapereka kwa Luyuan kuphatikiza kwa fungo lokhazikika la “choyera” (清香, qīng xiāng) ndi kukoma kokhuthala, kodzaza.

4. Malo ndi Zomwe Zimalimidwa:

Malo: mapiri a m’chigawo cha Yuan’an — malo ovuta.
Zinthu: kuwala kofalikira ndi mpweya wachinyezi zimapereka zinthu zofewa kwa mphukira ya masika.
Msonkhano: umachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya masika, pamene mphukira sinakalambebe ndipo imasunga bwino mawonekedwe ake pakakonzedwa ndi manja.

5. Ukadaulo Wopangira:

Luyuan ndi m’gulu la tiyi zachikasu, ndipo, monga gulu lonse, amatanthauzidwa ndi gawo lofunikira la kuphika — 闷黄 (mèn huáng), ndiko kuti, kusunga theka lokonzedwa lofunda, lachinyezi pansi pa chivundikiro, pomwe kusanduka kwachikasu kopanda nayitrogeni (kopanda okosijeni) kumachitika. Kwa Luyuan, 闷黄 iyi ndi yovuta, yayitali pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi — ndi yayitali modziwika kuposa tiyi zambiri zachikasu, ndipo ndi kutalika kumeneku kumene kumapanga mtundu wagolide wakuya wa madzi a tiyi ndi tsamba, kumafewetsa kupsa mtima kwa zobiriwira ndi kubweretsa kutsogolo fungo lofewa, “lozizira”.

Dongosolo lonse la kukonza limamangidwa mozungulira gawo ili:

杀青 (shā qīng) — kukhazikika: kuwotcha kutentha kwambiri kumayimitsa ma enzyme ndikuyambitsa fungo loyambirira. Ndiko kuwotcha kwambiri kumeneku kumapangitsa pamwamba pa tsamba mawonekedwe a “matuza” amadontho — 鱼子泡, “matuza a mazira a nsomba”, ofanana ndi mazira a nsomba.
闷黄 (mèn huáng) — kuphika pafupifupi maola asanu ndi limodzi, pamene tsamba limayamba kusanduka chikasu pang’onopang’ono ndikupeza mawonekedwe ozungulira, ofewa a kukoma.
Kuwumba ndi kuyanika — kupota ndi kukulunga tsamba, zomwe zimapatsa mawonekedwe ake apadera a kupindika ngati “ndowe” — 环子脚 (‘mwendo ngati mphete’), ndi kuyanika komaliza, komwe kumakhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi fungo.

Kuphatikiza kukhazikika kwamphamvu, kuphika kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kuwumba mwatcheru ndi kumene kumapanga mawonekedwe a tiyi yomalizidwa: “ndowe” zopindika molimba, zagolide-zobiriwira zokhala ndi madontho akuda a mazira a nsomba.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva:

Madzi a tiyi: owala kwambiri agolide (金黄, jīn huáng), owonekera bwino.
Fungo: loyera ndi lokhazikika (清香持久, qīng xiāng chí jiǔ), popanda kupsa mtima kwa udzu wobiriwira, komwe kumapezeka mu tiyi wobiriwira.
Kukoma: kokhuthala, kodzaza, “chakuthupi” (醇厚, chún hòu), ndi fungo lodziwika lozizira pambuyo pake, lomwe limasiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe a “chokoma-chofewa” a tiyi zina zachikasu.
Mawonekedwe a tsamba louma: “ndowe” zopindika molimba, zagolide-zobiriwira (环子脚) zokhala ndi madontho akuda a mazira a nsomba (鱼子泡).

9. Kuwira:

Pa kuwira, mfundo za tiyi zachikasu zosakhwima zimagwiranso ntchito: madzi ochepera pang’ono pa otentha kwambiri, kapu ya porcelain ya gaiwan kapena chotengera chagalasi chomwe chingalole kuona kufutukuka kwa “ndowe” ndi mtundu wagolide wa madzi a tiyi. Kupewa madzi otentha kwambiri ndi kuthira kwa nthawi yayitali: 闷黄 yayitali yapereka kukoma kwakuya, ndipo kutentha kopambanitsa kumangowononga fungo. Kuthira pang’ono mwachidule kumawonetsa tiyi pang’onopang’ono — kuchokera ku fungo loyera la kuwerako koyamba kufika pakatikati pa chokhuthala, chofewa-chozizira.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonama:

Mfundo zingapo zothandizira, momwe mungasiyanitse Luyuan weniweni:

Mawonekedwe a 环子脚. Tsamba louma limapindika m’mapindikidwe olimba apadera ngati “ndowe” (‘mwendo ngati mphete’), osati lotambasulidwa molunjika ngati singano, monga tiyi zachikasu, ndipo silopindidwa kukhala lathyathyathya.
Madontho a 鱼子泡. Pamwamba pa tsamba pali “matuza” ang’onoang’ono akuda, ofanana ndi mazira a nsomba, — chizindikiro cha kukhazikika kotentha kwambiri; ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodalirika za maonekedwe.
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi. Mtundu woyera, wowala wagolide ndi zotsatira za kuphika kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi; mtundu wobiriwira, wa “udzu” umasonyeza 闷黄 yosakwanira ndi kupita ku mbali ya tiyi wobiriwira.
Mawonekedwe a kukoma. Kukhuthala ndi kudzazidwa kwa kukoma kuphatikiza ndi fungo lozizira pambuyo pake zimasiyanitsa Luyuan ndi tiyi zachikasu zotsekemera-zofewa komanso ndi tiyi zobiriwira zakupsa mtima kwatsopano.
Chiyambi. Luyuan weniweni amachokera ku chigawo cha Yuan’an ku Hubei; ndiko kugwirizana kwa dera kumeneku ndi udindo wa tiyi yekha wachikasu wa ku Hubei kumene kumamulekanitsa ndi tiyi zofanana ndi maonekedwe a masamba ang’onoang’ono a ku Hunan ndi Zhejiang.

Mwachidule, ndiko kugwirizana kwa “malo a ku Hubei — zopangira masamba ang’onoang’ono — 闷黄 yayitali — mawonekedwe a 环子脚 ndi madontho a 鱼子泡 — madzi agolide ndi kukoma kozizira pambuyo pake” komwe kumapanga nkhope ya Yuan’an Luyuan, tiyi yemwe yekha amaimira gulu lachikasu la chigawo chake.

12. Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi:

Mu kaundula wa tiyi zachikasu, Luyuan ali ndi malo m’gulu la 黄小茶 — “tiyi zachikasu za masamba ang’onoang’ono”. Kugawikana kwakale kwa tiyi wachikasu kumayendera malinga ndi unyoro wa zopangira:
- 黄芽茶 (huáng yá chá) — kuchokera ku mphukira (君山银针, 蒙顶黄芽, 霍山黄芽 — “mphukira zitatu zotchuka zachikasu”);
- 黄小茶 (huáng xiǎo chá) — kuchokera ku tsamba laling’ono losakhwima, kumene Luyuan ali limodzi ndi Pingyang Huang Tang, Beigang Maojian ndi Weishan Maojian;
- 黄大茶 (huáng dà chá) — kuchokera ku tsamba lalikulu, lokalamba.
Luyuan amakhala m’gulu la “tiyi zazikulu zisanu zachikasu” (五大黄茶) — ichi ndi chizindikiro chake chaudindo pakati pa tiyi zotchuka zachikasu za ku China ndi chitsimikizo chakuti mwambo wa tiyi wachikasu wa ku Hubei umadziwika mofanana ndi wa ku Hunan, Sichuan ndi Anhui.