mǔdān huā · thetea.app

Maluwa a peony (牡丹花, mǔdān huā) ndi masamba owumitsidwa ndi masamba a maluwa a peony wamtundu wa chitsamba, omwe ku China amawathira madzi otentha ngati chakumwa chonunkhira. Ndikofunika kunena poyera: ichi si tiyi m’lingaliro la botanical - mankhwalawa alibe masamba a chitsamba cha tiyi Camellia sinensis, ndipo chakumwa chenichenicho chili m’gulu la 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), “zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi”, kutanthauza zakumwa zomwe zimakonzedwa potsata njira yodziwika bwino ya tiyi koma kuchokera ku zomera zina. Madera akuluakulu omwe amatenga zinthuzi ndi madera ozungulira Heze (菏泽) m’chigawo cha Shandong ndi Luoyang (洛阳) m’chigawo cha Henan, kumene peony wakhala akulimidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Pamsika, zinthuzi zimapezeka m’njira ziwiri: masamba ndi masamba a maluwa osakanikirana, komanso “mipira” yomangidwa ndi manja (牡丹球, mǔdān qiú), yomwe imatseguka modabwitsa mu chotengera chowonekera. Mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha ku China, peony ndi chizindikiro cha chuma, ulemu, ndi kutukuka, choncho chakumwa chochokera ku maluwa ake chimakhala ndi tanthauzo lokoma komanso lachisangalalo.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: chakumwa cha zomera, cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá)
Mtundu wa botanical: peony wamtundu wa chitsamba, m’mabuku nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati Paeonia suffruticosa
Banja: Peony (Paeoniaceae)
Zinthu: masamba ndi masamba a maluwa
Mndandanda wamalonda: 牡丹花 (masamba ndi masamba a maluwa osakanikirana) ndi 牡丹球 (“mipira” yomangidwa)
Madera akuluakulu: Heze (菏泽, Shandong), Luoyang (洛阳, Henan)

Palibe masamba a tiyi mu mankhwalawa. Mu dongosolo la ku China, zakumwa zochokera ku maluwa, zitsamba, zipatso, ndi mizu, zomwe zimathiridwa “monga tiyi”, zimayikidwa mwalamulo mu 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá), mosiyana ndi tiyi weniweni (茶, chá) wochokera ku Camellia sinensis. Ili ndi gulu loyima palokha ndi lolemekezeka, osati cholowetsa m’malo: lili ndi mwambo wake, malo ake, ndi luso lake.

Ndikofunika kusiyanitsa mayina angapo ofanana. Peony wamtundu wa chitsamba (牡丹, mǔdān) ndi chitsamba chokhala ndi nthambi zolimba; peony wamtundu wa udzu (芍药, sháoyào, Paeonia lactiflora) ndi chomera chachibale koma chosiyana chokhala ndi tsinde lomwe limafa m’nyengo yozizira, ndipo zinthu zake (makamaka mizu) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, liwu loti “peony” limapezeka m’mayina a tiyi weniweni, omwe alibe chochita ndi chakumwa cha maluwa: tiyi woyera Bai Mudan (白牡丹, Bái mǔdān) ndi mtundu wa tiyi Jin Mudan (金牡丹, Jīn mǔdān) ndi Camellia sinensis, “peony” amangopezeka m’dzina chifukwa cha kukongola kwa mawonekedwe kapena masamba.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Peony adalowa mu chikhalidwe cha minda cha ku China zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi ndi theka zapitazo ndipo adafika pachimake cha kutchuka mu mzera wa mafumu a Tang, pomwe adakhala maluwa a pabwalo lachifumu ndi chizindikiro cha chitukuko. Luoyang idatchuka ndi peony zake mu mzera wa mafumu a Song - katswiri wamaphunziro ndi wolemba Ouyang Xiu (欧阳修) adasiya buku lotchedwa “Zolemba za Peony za Luoyang” (洛阳牡丹记, Luòyáng mǔdān jì), limodzi mwa zolembedwa zoyambirira za chikhalidwe cha chomera ichi.

Chizindikiro: peony amatchedwa “mfumu ya maluwa” (花王, huā wáng); chithunzi chokhazikika ndi “peony waphuka - chuma ndi ulemu zabwera” (花开富贵, huā kāi fùguì).
Ntchito ya chakumwa: kuphika masamba a maluwa ndi chizolowezi chakumapeto ndipo makamaka cha kukongoletsa ndi chikhalidwe chatsiku ndi tsiku, chomwe chinakula kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu za maluwa m’madera olima peony.

Kugwiritsa ntchito peony monga chakumwa kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulima maluwa kwa mafakitale ku Heze ndi Luoyang: kumeneko, kumene mamilioni a zitsamba amalimidwa kuti adulidwe, mbewu, ndi zinthu za mizu, mwachibadwa panabwera msika wa maluwa owumitsidwa kuti amwe ndi kupanga zosakaniza zamaluwa.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zinthu:

Peony wamtundu wa chitsamba ndi chitsamba chotaya masamba chimodzi kutalika kwake nthawi zambiri kuchokera theka la mita mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka kapena ziwiri, chokhala ndi maluwa akuluakulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala obiriwira amitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera koyera ndi konyezimira kupita ku pinki, wofiira, wofiirira, ndi pafupifupi wa violet. Mayendedwe a botanical a peony wamtundu wa chitsamba chobzalidwa ndizovuta: pansi pa dzina lodziwika la Paeonia suffruticosa pali gulu la mitundu ya mitundu yosakanikirana, ndipo m’magwero osiyanasiyana mayina angasiyane, choncho ndi koyenera kunena za gulu la peony wamtundu wa chitsamba, osati za mtundu umodzi “woyera”.

Zomwe amatenga: masamba otseguka a maluwa ndi masamba athunthu.
Masamba a maluwa: ochepa, ngati silika, powuma amataya pang’ono kukhuta kwa mtundu.
Masamba ndi “mipira” (牡丹球): maluwa athunthu kapena masamba, omangidwa ndi ulusi mu mawonekedwe ophatikizana, kuti m’madzi “aphuke”.

Ndikofunika kusasokoneza zinthu za chakumwa cha maluwa ndi zinthu zamankhwala zochokera ku mtundu womwewo wa zomera: khungwa la muzu wa peony wamtundu wa chitsamba (牡丹皮, mǔdān pí, kapena 丹皮, dān pí) ndi muzu wa peony wamtundu wa udzu ndi zinthu zosiyana ndi zolinga zina, zomwe sizikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi chakumwa cha maluwa.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Heze (菏泽, Shandong): limodzi mwa malo akuluakulu olima peony ku China, dothi lopepuka, lotsika bwino la chigwa, minda yayikulu yodulira ndi kukolola.
Luoyang (洛阳, Henan): malo akale a peony wokongoletsa pa dothi la loess, odziwika ndi miyambo ya minda kuyambira kalekale.

Peony wamtundu wa chitsamba amafuna dothi lotsika bwino, samapirira kukhala m’madzi, amafuna nyengo yozizira yopuma m’nyengo yozizira ndi dzuwa lochuluka pa nthawi ya kukula. Kuphuka kumachitika m’nyengo ya masika - m’chigawo chapakati cha China mu April ndi koyambirira kwa May; mu kalendala ya anthu, nthawi ya kuphuka kwa peony imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthawi ya Guyu (谷雨, gǔyǔ), “mvula ya tirigu”. Ndi nthawi yochepa, ya milungu iwiri yokha, ya kuphuka komwe kumatsimikizira kukhala kovuta komanso kwa nyengo ya kukolola kwa zinthu za maluwa.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Kukolola: pa nthawi ya kuphuka, ndi manja, pa nyengo yopanda mvula; pa “mipira” amasankha masamba ndi maluwa omwe ali pakati pa kupatulika ndi kutseguka a kukula koyenera.
Kugawa: zinthu zina zimapita ku masamba osakanikirana, zina - ku masamba athunthu ndi mawonekedwe omangidwa.
Kuwumitsa: mochenjera - kuwumitsa kwa mpweya mumthunzi kapena kutentha kochepa, kuti asunge kwambiri mtundu ndi fungo losakhazikika; kuwumitsa mopitirira ndi kutentha kwakukulu “kumawotcha” mtundu ndi fungo.
Kupanga “mipira”: maluwa kapena masamba amamangidwa ndi ulusi, kupatsidwa mawonekedwe ophatikizana, kenako nkuwumitsidwa.

Vuto lalikulu la ukadaulo ndi kusunga mtundu wa masamba a maluwa, popeza ma pigment achilengedwe sakhazikika ku kuwala, kutentha, ndi chinyezi. Opanga osachita bwino nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito kufukiza ndi sulfure kapena kupaka utoto kuti awoneke ngati “wamalonda” - ichi ndi cholakwika ndi chinyengo, osati chizolowezi (zambiri mu gawo la zachinyengo).

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Zinthu zowuma: masamba kuchokera koyera pang’ono kupita ku pinki ndi wofiira ndi wofiirira, mtundu wachilengedwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wobisika, wotayika pang’ono; masamba olimba.
Chakumwa: kuchokera pafupifupi kowonekera mpaka kumtundu wotumbululuka wa pinki kapena amber kutengera mtundu ndi mtundu wa maluwa.
Fungo: lofewa, lamaluwa, lokoma pang’ono, lopanda kukalipa.
Kukoma: kosakhwima, kokoma pang’ono, ndi kamvedwe kakang’ono kochititsa kukomera; kukhuta pang’ono.

Chakumwa cha peony chimayamikiridwa makamaka chifukwa cha fungo lake losakhwima ndi mawonekedwe ake - maluwa omwe amatseguka mu chotengera chagalasi. Kukhuta kwake m’makomedwe ndi kochepa poyerekeza ndi zakumwa zambiri za zipatso kapena zitsamba, ndipo izi ndi zachilendo kwa zinthu za maluwa.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Kapangidwe kamadalira mtundu, mtundu, ndi njira yowumitsira; pansipa pali malangizo achilengedwe a masamba a maluwa, osati milingo yeniyeni.

Ma Flavonoid: mabatani a kempferol ndi quercetin ndi ma polyphenol ena.
Ma Anthocyanin: ma pigment omwe amapangitsa mtundu wofiira ndi wofiirira wa masamba a maluwa.
Ma Phenolic acid ndi ma tannin: amapereka kukomera kakang’ono.
Mafuta ofunika: mankhwala onunkhira osakhazikika omwe amapanga fungo.
Ma monoterpene glycosides: mankhwala a gulu la paeoniflorin (芍药苷, sháoyàogān) amapezeka makamaka mu zinthu za mizu ya peony; m’masamba a maluwa amakhala ochepa kwambiri.

Paeonol (丹皮酚, dānpífēn) ndi gawo lodziwika la khungwa la muzu, osati la zinthu za masamba a maluwa, ndipo sizolondola kumati chakumwa cha maluwa chili nacho mochuluka.

8. Zopindulitsa Zomwe Zingakhalepo:

Pano tikulankhula za zomwe anthu amaganiza za izi mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha ku China, ndi zomwe ofufuza amachita nazo chidwi - koma osati malonjezo a zamankhwala.

Mu chikhalidwe chatsiku ndi tsiku, chakumwa cha maluwa amati chimakhala ndi mphamvu “yofewa, yosangalatsa”, chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a chisamaliro cha khungu ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope, za “kugwirizanitsa” thanzi. Malingaliro awa ndi achikhalidwe, osati azachipatala.
Zomwe zimaphunziridwa ndi sayansi: ma polyphenol ndi ma anthocyanin a zinthu za zomera zonse zimafufuzidwa pa ntchito yawo ya antioxidant m’malo a labotale; kusamutsa deta yotere ku chakumwa chatsiku ndi tsiku monga “chotsatira” sikolondola.

Mankhwalawa ndi azakudya, osati mankhwala, ndipo salowa m’malo mwa chithandizo chamankhwala. Zonena za thanzi zomwe zimatsagana ndi malonda ogulitsa zimapitirira malire a nkhani ya encyclopedia. Mwa machenjezo onse ndi osalowerera, ndi koyenera kutchula kudziletsa koyenera; kusamala pa nthawi ya pakati ndi kuyamwitsa; kusamala pamene akumwa mankhwala nthawi imodzi ndi pamene ali ndi chizolowezi chosagwirizana ndi zinthu za zomera. Mlingo weniweni ndi malangizo ali kunja kwa mphamvu ya malembawa ndipo ndi a dokotala.

9. Kuphika:

Chotengera: galasi lowonekera (kapu, gaiwan, botolo) - kuti muwone momwe masamba kapena “mpira” umatsegukira.
Mlingo: pafupifupi 3 - 5 g pa 300 - 400 ml ya madzi; pa “mpira” umodzi 250 - 350 ml ndi okwanira.
Kutentha: 85 - 90 °C; madzi otentha kwambiri amapangitsa kukoma kukhala koyipa ndipo amawononga msanga mtundu ndi fungo.
Nthawi: 3 - 5 mphindi pa chakumwa choyamba.
Kuchuluka kwa kuthira: zinthu za maluwa nthawi zambiri zimatha kuthira 2 - 3, ndipo nthawi iliyonse chakumwa chimakhala chopepuka.

“Mipira” ndi bwino kusayigwedeza: imayikidwa mu madzi otentha ndipo imaloledwa kutseguka pang’onopang’ono, ngati maluwa. Peony amasakanikirana bwino ndi zinthu zina - ndi kachulukidwe kakang’ono ka zipatso za goji, rozi wowumitsidwa, kadontho ka shuga wa mwala; koma zowonjezera zikakhala zosalowerera, fungo lake lenileni limamveka bwino. Chakumwa chimatha kukonzedwanso ndi njira yozizira: thirani zinthuzo ndi madzi a kutentha kwa chipinda ndikusunga kwa maola angapo mufiriji - kukoma kumakhala kosakhwima kwambiri ndi kowonekera.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: malo owuma, ozizira, amdima, kutali ndi fungo lachilendo.
Chotengera: chotsekedwa bwino, chosalowetsa kuwala; zitini zachitsulo ndi mapaketi a zip-lock ndi abwino.
Adani akuluakulu: kuwala, kutentha, ndi chinyezi - pansi pa mphamvu zawo ma anthocyanin amatayika mtundu, fungo limachoka.

Zinthu za maluwa sizinapangidwe kuti zizisungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali: pakapita nthawi mtundu umazimirira, ndipo fungo limachepa. Ndi koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosungira mkati mwa nyengo imodzi kapena ziwiri ndipo osagula zochuluka nthawi imodzi.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Mulingo wamtengo: mtengo wogulitsa ambiri umadalira kwambiri mawonekedwe ndi mtundu: masamba wamba osakanikirana ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri, “mipira” yomangidwa bwino ndi maluwa athunthu osankhidwa ndi okwera mtengo. Tikulankhula za zinthu za maluwa zotsika mtengo, osati za chinthu chamtengo wapatali chosonkhanitsidwa; malembawa sakulonjeza mtengo weniweni wa ogulitsa.
Momwe zinthu zenizeni zimawonekera: masamba okhala ndi mtundu wachilengedwe, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wobisika, osweka osakhala fumbi, ndi fungo lachilengedwe la maluwa lopanda kachilombo ka mankhwala kapena sulfure.

Zoyenera kuziganizira. Mtundu wonyezimira mokayikitsa, “wofuula” ukhoza kusonyeza kupakidwa utoto. Fungo lakuthwa lowawasa kapena la machesi ndi chizindikiro cha kufukizidwa ndi sulfure. Mmalo mwake kapena kusakanizidwa kwa masamba a peony wamtundu wa udzu (芍药, sháoyào) ndi maluwa ena okongoletsa kumachitika. Potsiriza, ndi bwino kukumbukira za kusokonezeka kwa mayina: pansi pa dzina la “peony” nthawi zina amapereka tiyi woyera Bai Mudan (白牡丹) - ameneyu ndi Camellia sinensis kale, chinthu chosiyana kotheratu. Zizindikiro zodalirika ndi kukhazikika kwa masamba, chilengedwe cha mtundu, ndi fungo loyera la maluwa.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

Heze imadziyesa yokha ngati “kwawo kwa peony” ndipo imakhala ndi zikondwerero zazikulu za peony m’nyengo ya kuphuka; Luoyang imadziwika ndi chikondwerero chake chapachaka cha peony.
Pali nthano yapakati pa anthu ya momwe Mfumukazi Wu Zetian adalamula maluwa onse kuti aphuke m’nyengo yozizira, ndipo peony yekha sanamvere, chifukwa chake “anathamangitsidwa” ku likulu kupita ku Luoyang - kumene, malinga ndi nthano, adaphuka mochuluka kwambiri.
Peony adaperekedwa kangapo pa udindo wa maluwa a dziko la China ndipo amakhalabe mmodzi mwa omwe akupikisana nawo pazokambirana izi.
Chithunzi cha peony ndi chimodzi mwa zofala kwambiri mu zojambula za ku China ndi zaluso zokongoletsa monga chizindikiro cha chuma ndi ulemu.
Dzina loti “peony” m’dziko la tiyi ndi lonyenga: woyera Bai Mudan (白牡丹) ndi mtundu wa Jin Mudan (金牡丹) ndi tiyi weniweni wochokera ku camellia, pomwe 牡丹花 ndi zinthu za maluwa enieni, cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi.

Pomaliza:

Maluwa a peony ndi woimira wodziwika wa gulu la 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá): chakumwa chomwe chimathiridwa motsata chizolowezi cha tiyi, koma chomwe si tiyi m’lingaliro la botanical, popeza mulibe masamba a Camellia sinensis. Phindu lake ndi losiyana - fungo losakhwima la maluwa, chakumwa chowala, ndi kutseguka ngati bwalo la masamba ndi “mipira” mu chotengera chowonekera, ndipo kumbuyo kwa zonsezi pali chikhalidwe cha zaka mazana ambiri cha kulima peony ku Heze ndi Luoyang ndi chizindikiro cholemera cha “mfumu ya maluwa”.

Kuyandikira mankhwalawa ndi koyenera monga mwambo wodziyimira okha wa maluwa, osati monga cholowe m’malo mwa tiyi kapena “mankhwala”. Kudziletsa koyenera, kusankha mosamala zinthu zowona mtima zokhala ndi mtundu ndi fungo lachilengedwe, kuphika mochenjera osati ndi madzi otentha kwambiri - ndipo chakumwa cha maluwa cha peony chidzatseguka monga momwe amachiyamikirira mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha ku China: mwamtendere, chokongola, ndi chosakakamiza.

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