Méngdǐng shíhuā

Mengding Shihua — Méngdǐng shíhuā, “duwa la mwala lochokera pachimake cha Meng” — ndi tiyi wobiriwira wosalala, wolunjika, waubweya wa siliva, wochokera kuphiri la Mengding ku Ya’an (Sichuan), womwe mwambo umawuwerengera m’gulu la tiyi yakale kwambiri yodziwika ndi dzina yopanda kukankhidwa. Uwu ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha “singano-mphukira” la sukulu ya Sichuan: mawonekedwe asiliva, mawonekedwe okhwima, ndi kukoma kozama kwa nthawi yayitali pambuyo pakumwa.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: tiyi wobiriwira
• Gulu: tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒青, chǎoqīng)
• Gulu Lapadera: imodzi mwa tiyi yakale kwambiri yodziwika ndi dzina yopanda kukankhidwa ku China
• Chiyambi: phiri la Mengding (蒙顶山, Méngdǐngshān), chigawo cha Ya’an, m’chigawo cha Sichuan (四川·雅安)
• Chibadwidwe/Mtundu Wolimidwa: gulu la tiyi la m’deralo la Mengshan (蒙山群体, Méngshān qúntǐ) — sikuti ndi mtundu umodzi wofanana, koma ndi gulu la tiyi la m’deralo lomwe lakhazikika m’mbiri yomwe, la phiri la Mengding, lomwenso limadyetsa mzere wa Ganlu

Phiri la Mengding ndiye chiyambi cha mbiri ya ulimi wa tiyi ku Sichuan; ndipamalo amodzi awa, komwe kumabadwira tiyi wotchuka wokhotakhota ndi waubweya wambiri wa Mengding Ganlu (蒙顶甘露, Méngdǐng gānlù), ndi Mengding Shihua wosalala. Ngati Ganlu akuyimira mzere wa “wokulungidwa”, ndiye kuti Shihua ndiye mbali yake yosalala ndi yolunjika.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Phiri la Mengding ndi amodzi mwa malo odzazidwa ndi tanthauzo kwambiri mu tiyi waku China: ndiye chiyambi cha mbiri ya tiyi yodziwika ndi dzina yakumwera chakumadzulo. Mu mwambo umenewu, Mengding Shihua ili ndi malo apadera monga imodzi mwa tiyi yakale kwambiri yodziwika ndi dzina yopanda kukankhidwa — kutanthauza kuti ndi chitsanzo choyambirira cha tiyi yemwe ankayamikiridwa osati mu mawonekedwe a makeke oponderezedwa ndi ufa, koma monga tsamba lonse lopanda kukankhidwa lomwe linali ndi dzina lake lomwe ndi mawonekedwe odziwika.

Dzina lenilenilo “duwa la mwala” (石花) limafotokoza mwandakatulo maonekedwe a tiyiyu: mphukira zowala, zolunjika, zotseguka pang’ono za siliva, zofanana ndi duwa lophuka pamwala. Pamodzi ndi Ganlu, amapanga chithunzi chachikhalidwe cha phiri la Mengding: “mame wokulungidwa” (甘露) ndi “duwa la mwala lolunjika” (石花) — mawonekedwe awiri ochokera kudera limodzi, kusonyeza momwe luso la manja limatsogolera maonekedwe a tiyi mofanana ndi tsamba lenileni.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Zopangira:

Zopangira za Mengding Shihua zimachokera ku zitsamba za gulu la m’deralo — gulu la tiyi la Mengshan (蒙山群体, Méngshān qúntǐ). Kulima kwa magulu kumayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa mphukira ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, losanjikika, lomwe limadziwika ndi tiyi yakale yodziwika ndi dzina: tsamba laling’ono, lofanana, ndi ubweya wandiwi wa siliva pamphukira yaying’ono — maziko a “mphukira ya siliva” yamtsogolo.

4. Dera ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Kwawo kwa tiyiyu ndi phiri la Mengding m’chigawo cha Ya’an m’chigawo cha Sichuan. Ya’an mu geography ya tiyi yakumwera chakumadzulo ili pa nsonga ya “chiyambi · masika oyambirira · mawonekedwe” (起源·早·形): zokolola zoyambirira kwambiri ndi mayina oyambirira amachokera kuno. Nyengo yachinyezi, ya chifunga ya m’mphepete mwa mapiri, kuzizira kwa malo okwera, ndi kuwala kofalikira kumapereka tsamba lofewa, lokula pang’onopang’ono lokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zonunkhira ndi zotsekemera — ndiye maziko omwe amapangidwira tiyi wapamwamba wa Mengding wa m’nyengo ya Qingming isanafike.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

Mengding Shihua ndi wa m’gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga (炒青, chǎoqīng). Chinsinsi cha maonekedwe ake ndiyo kuwaumba mkati mwa poto (锅中整形): tsamba silikulungidwa, monga Ganlu ndi “kukazinga katatu, kukulunga katatu, kuyanika katatu,” koma limawongoleredwa ndi kukanikizidwa mu poto yotentha, kupereka mawonekedwe osalala, olunjika, ofanana ndi “singano.”

Mfundo za ndondomekoyi pa zipangizo zoterezi:

• Kukhazikitsa mtundu (殺青). Kutentha kwakukulu kwa poto kumayimitsa ma enzyme a okisheni, kumateteza kubiriwira kwamoyo ndi kuchotsa “kuthetheka” pamene kumasunga kufewa kwa mphukira.
• Kuumba-kulunjika (整形). Mu poto yotentha, ndi kayendedwe ka chikhatho, tsamba limawongoleredwa motsatizana ndi kuphwanyidwa pang’ono, kusunga mphukira iliyonse yolunjika ndi yathunthu; apa ndipamene mawonekedwe a chizindikiro a “singano-mphukira ya siliva” amabadwira.
• Kuuma pang’ono ndi kumaliza. Tsamba limafikitsidwa pa mlingo wa kuuma kokhazikika, kuteteza mawonekedwe ake osalala ndi ubweya wa siliva.

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndi Ganlu n’kosavuta komanso kofunika: tsamba limodzi la kuphiri m’manja osiyanasiyana limapereka tiyi wokhotakhota waubweya wambiri (Ganlu), kapena singano yosalala yowongoka (Shihua). Shihua ndiye “nthambi” yowongoka ya ukadaulo ya Mengdin.

Mu gawo la mtundu, Mengding Shihua amadutsa ngati tiyi wapamwamba (高档). Nyengo yotolera ndi ya Qingming isanafike, gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (明前·特级, míngqián tèjí): tsamba limatoleredwa chisankho cha Qingming chisanafike, pamene mphukira ili yofewa kwambiri, ubweya wake ndi woonda, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotsekemera ndi zonunkhira kumakhala kokwanira. “Teji” (gulu lapadera) limatanthauza kusankha mosamalitsa: mphukira zofanana, zathunthu, zowongoka za siliva zopanda tsamba lolimba. Nambala zenizeni za GB/T za dzina ili sizinakhazikitsidwe m’zolemba zoyambirira, chifukwa chake sizinaperekedwe pano.

6. Makhalidwe Olingalira:

Tiyi womalizidwa amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wake: mphukira yosalala, yowongoka ya siliva (扁直 银芽), yofanana, yokhala ndi kunyezimira kwa siliva kwa ubweya wake. Mu kapu — mkhalidwe wodziwika wa Mengdin wapamwamba: fungo loyera, lofewa ndi kukoma kotsekemera, kwanthawi yayitali, “kokometsera” pambuyo pakumwa (甘隽, gānjùn) — “chikuku” chenichenicho chotalikilapo chomwe chinachititsa kuti Mengdin aziyamikiridwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

9. Kupanga Tiyi:

Malangizo pa kupanga tiyi wofewa wa mphukira wobiriwira:

• Madzi. Ofewa, oziziretsedwa atawira mpaka pafupifupi 80–85 °C: madzi otentha kwambiri “adzatentha” mphukira ndi kukokolola kukoma kwake.
• Zotengera. Kapu yayitali yagalasi kapena gaiwani ya porcelain — kuti muwone “kuvina” kwa mphukira za siliva zowongoka, zikuyimirira ndi kutsika pang’onopang’ono.
• Muyeso ndi nthawi yothira. Muyeso waung’ono, nthawi zothira zazifupi; tsamba lofewa limatulutsa msanga kutsekemera ndi fungo, chifukwa chake ndibwino kuthira pang’ono kangapo, osati kang’ono kamodzi kwanthawi yayitali.
• Kukoma m’kapu. Fufuzani kutsekemera koyera, kofewa, fungo lachikale, ndi kukoma kotsekemera kwanthawi yayitali pambuyo pakumwa popanda kuwawa kwakukulu — izi ndi chizindikiritso cha Shihua.

11. Mtengo ndi Zinthu Zachinyengo:

Momwe mungasiyanitsire Mengding Shihua weniweni:

• Ku Mengding Ganlu. Tsamba limodzi la kuphiri, koma mawonekedwe osiyana: Ganlu ndi wokhotakhota, waubweya wambiri, “wokulungidwa”; Shihua ndi mphukira yosalala, yowongoka ya siliva. Ngati Mengdin ali ndi mawonekedwe a singano-mphukira yowongoka — uyu ndi mzere wa Shihua.
• Ku Zhuyeqing (竹叶青). Zhuyeqing wa phiri la Emei — ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokazinga wophuka limodzi, wosalala, womwenso ndi wofanana, koma ameneyu ndi chizindikiritso cha mtundu wa Emeishan choyambirira chokhala ndi fungo la “mgoza wofewa.” Shihua, komano, ndi Mengdin/Ya’an, akugogomezera ubweya wa siliva ndi kukoma kotsekemera kwanthawi yayitali pambuyo pakumwa (gānjùn), ndipo amadalira gulu la m’deralo la 蒙山群体, osati maziko a mitundu ya Emei.
• Ku tiyi wina wosalala. Mawonekedwe osalala, oongoka mwa tiyi wosiyanasiyana amadza chifukwa cha kuumbidwa mkati mwa poto, chifukwa chake mawonekedwewa amayenera kuwerengedwa pamodzi ndi adilesi ndi fungo. Shihua weniweni ndi: Ya’an · phiri la Mengding · “teji” ya Qingming isanafike · mphukira yowongoka ya siliva · kutsekemera koyera, kofewa ndi kukoma kwanthawi yayitali pambuyo pakumwa.
• Zoyang’ana pa tsamba louma. Mphukira zofanana, zathunthu, zowongoka zokhala ndi kunyezimira kwa siliva, zopanda tsamba lalikulu lolimba komanso zopanda “ngono” zokhotakhota (izodzi zikanasonyeza kuti ndi Ganlu).

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Mengding Shihua ayenera kuwerengedwa ngati chipilala chamoyo: imodzi mwa tiyi yakale kwambiri yodziwika ndi dzina yopanda kukankhidwa, yomwe m’menemo mwakumana kuya kwa mbiri ya phiri la Mengding, maziko ofewa a gulu la tiyi, ndi ukadaulo wokhwima woumba, zomwe zimapatsa mawonekedwe odziwika a “duwa la mwala” la singano ya siliva.