luóbùmá chá · thetea.app

Tiyi ya Lobuma ndi mankhwala otentha opangidwa kuchokera ku masamba owumitsidwa ndi kusinthidwa mwapadera a kenjiri (lobuma), chomera chosatha chokhala ndi khalidwe lopirira mchere cha Apocynum venetum cha banja la kutrovye (Apocynaceae). Ngakhale pali liwu loti “tiyi” mu dzina, chakumwa ichi sichigwirizana ndi tiyi yeniyeni yochokera ku tsamba la Camellia sinensis: mulibe tsamba la tiyi, mulibenso caffeine, ndipo mu gulu la Chitchaina limatchulidwa ngati choloweza m’malo mwa tiyi, kapena mankhwala otentha a zitsamba (代用茶, dàiyòng chá). Zopangira zakale zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi dera la nyanja yamchere yopanda mpata ya Lob-Nor (罗布泊, Luóbùpō) ku Xinjiang — ndiko kumene dzina la chomera limachokera, kwenikweni “kenjiri wa ku Lobu”. M’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa Chitchaina, mankhwala otentha amenewa amamwewa ngati njira yofewa, yosadzutsa thupi m’malo mwa tiyi — chakumwa chowala, chokhala ndi fungo laling’ono la udzu popanda kuwawa kowonekera. Ili ndi gulu lodziyimira palokha lokhala ndi mbiri yake, teruara ndi teknoloji, osati “choloweza m’malo” cha tiyi yeniyeni, ndipo akuyenera kuyang’aniridwa ndendende motero.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: mankhwala otentha a zomera, choloweza m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
Gwero la botanical: tsamba la kenjiri (lobuma), Apocynum venetum L.
Banja: kutrovye (Apocynaceae).
Dziko lobadwira: madera a madambo achipululu ndi malo a mchere a Xinjiang, dera la Lob-Nor (罗布泊, Luóbùpō), mtsinje wa Tarim.
Zopangira zina pansi pa dzina lomweli: mu malonda “lobuma” amatchulanso mitundu yofanana — kenjiri wofiira (红麻, hóng má, kwenikweni Apocynum venetum) ndi kenjiri woyera (白麻, bái má), yemwe magwero ena amamuyika mu gulu lina la Poacynum (Poacynum pictum / Apocynum pictum). Kufotokozera pa mlingo wa gulu m’mabuku sikuli kofanana, chifukwa chake ndikoyenera kufotokoza mitundu yonse iwiri.

Ndikofunikira kunena momveka bwino: chitsamba cha tiyi cha Camellia sinensis sichili mu chinthu ichi. Uwu si tiyi wakuda, si wobiriwira, ndiponso si tiyi wina aliyense mwa botanical — uwu ndi mankhwala otentha a tsamba la chomera china chosiyana kotheratu. Mu ndondomeko ya zakudya ya Chitchaina, zakumwa zotere zochokera ku zipatso, maluwa, masamba kapena mizu ya zomera zopanda caffeine zimagwirizanitsidwa mu gulu la 代用茶 (dàiyòng chá) — “tiyi choloweza m’malo”. Payenera kutchulidwa padera khalidwe la udindo: tsamba la lobuma (罗布麻叶, luóbùmá yè) limapezeka mu Farmakopeya ya PRC (中国药典, Zhōngguó yàodiǎn) monga zopangira za mankhwala achikhalidwe, chifukwa chake chinthucho chili pamalire a chakudya ndi mankhwala, ndipo malonda ake osiyanasiyana amasiyana.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Muzu wa geographical: dzina limanena za dera la Lob (罗布) ndi nyanja ya Lob-Nor — madera a ufumu wakale wa Loulan (楼兰, Lóulán) pa Njira ya Silika Yaikulu.
Ntchito ziwiri za chomera: kenjiri kuyambira kale amayamikiridwa makamaka ngati chomera cha ulusi wa bast — kuchokera ku matsinde ake amapeza ulusi wolimba (野麻, yěmá, “chamba chakuthengo”) wopangira zingwe, maukonde ndi nsalu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba ngati chakumwa kudayamba mochedwa kwambiri kuposa kusonkhanitsa ulusi kwa malonda ndipo kudafalikira m’zaka za zana la 20, pomwe zopangira zochokera ku Xinjiang zinayamba kusinthidwa mwadongosolo ndi kulongedza. Kwa anthu a m’madera a mchere a m’chipululu, ichi chinali chakumwa cha komweko chopezeka, chomera chomwe chimamera m’mphepete mwa mitsinje yamchere. Patapita nthawi, “tsamba la tiyi la ku Xinjiang” lidatuluka kunja kwa dera ndipo lidakhala ngati chakumwa chofewa chamadzulo chopanda caffeine.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira:

Mawonekedwe a moyo: chitsamba chosachedwa kukula chosatha kapena udzu wautali, mpaka 1.5 — 3 m kutalika.
Masamba: otsutsana kapena otsatizana, a mkondo, okhala ndi mitsempha yapakati yowonekera, m’mphepete osaboola.
Maluwa: ang’onoang’ono, owoneka ngati belu, ofiira-amthithi kwa mtundu wofiira ndi owala kwambiri kwa woyera; chomera ndi chotulutsa uchi wabwino.
Madzi a mkaka: monga banja lonse la kuttrovye, chomera chili ndi latex; pa chakumwa amagwiritsa ntchito tsamba lokhalo, lomwe lasinthidwa.
Zopangira za mankhwala otentha: tsamba laling’ono ndi lapakati pa zaka, losonkhanitsidwa makamaka pa nthawi ya m’mphukira ndi maluwa (chilimwe).

4. Teruara ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Malonepeji: madambo a mitsinje, magombe a mitsinje, m’mphepete mwa malo a mchere ndi zipululu.
Madera ofunikira ku Xinjiang: mtsinje wa Tarim (塔里木河, Tǎlǐmù Hé) ndi mtsinje wa Konchedarya / Pikok (孔雀河, Kǒngquè Hé), madera ozungulira nyanja ya Lob-Nor.
Madera ena a PRC: amapezekanso ku Gan’su, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, delta ya Huanghe ndi m’madera amchere a m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Lobuma ndi chomera cha malo ovuta kwambiri: chimapirira mchere m’nthaka, chilala, kusinthasintha kwa kutentha ndi cheza champhamvu. Ndiye chifukwa chake zopangira zochokera ku dera la Lob-Nor mwachikhalidwe zimatengedwa ngati choyimira chofunikira potengera chiyambi — kuphatikiza kwa dothi lamchere, nyengo ya kontinental ndi kuchuluka kwa cheza kumawonedwa ngati khalidwe la teruara. Chomera chimawonekera ngati mpainiya pa malo opanda phindu ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mapulojekiti a kukhazikitsa mchenga ndi kubwezeretsanso madera amchere.

5. Teknoloji ya Kupanga:

Kusonkhanitsa: kusonkhanitsa tsamba pamanja kapena mwamakina mu nyengo yotentha.
Kunyowetsa pang’ono (萎凋, wěidiāo): kunyowetsa pang’ono kuti achepetse chinyezi ndi kufewetsa tsamba.
Kukhazikitsa zobiriwira (杀青, shāqīng): kusintha kwa kutentha, komwe kumayimitsa njira za enzyme — ndi khalidwe la mtundu “wobiriwira” wa lobuma.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): kuumba tsamba ndi kuwononga mapangidwe a ma cell kuti apange bwino mankhwala.
Kuyanika (干燥): kufikitsa ku chinyezi chokhazikika.

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu za kalembedwe. Mtundu “wobiriwira” umapangidwa pafupi ndi teknoloji ya tiyi wobiriwira — ndi kukhazikitsa zobiriwira, zomwe zimasunga mankhwala owala ndi mbiri ya udzu. Mtundu “wakuda” / wofufutitsidwa umapezeka ndi okosijeni kapena kusunga tsamba mwachiwongolero, zomwe zimapangitsa mankhwalawo kukhala akuda ndi kupeza kukoma kozungulira, “kofanana ndi udzu wouma”. Kusinthidwa mwachitsanzo cha tiyi sikofunikira kuti titsanzire tiyi, koma kuti tipangitse tsamba kukhala loyenera ndi losangalatsa kwa kutenthetsa.

6. Makhalidwe a Orgonoleptical:

Tsamba louma: kuchokera ku zobiriwira-sa imvi mpaka ku bulauni yakuda kutengera mtundu wa kusinthidwa; tizidutswa ta mawonekedwe a mkondo, nthawi zambiri ndi m’mphepete opotoka.
Mtundu wa mankhwala: kuchokera ku chikasu chowala ndi zobiriwira mpaka ku ambera kwa mitundu yofufutitsidwa.
Fungo: la udzu-udzu wouma, nthawi zina ndi kanunkhu kakang’ono ka maluwa.
Kukoma: kofewa, ndi kutsekemera kosavuta ndi kakomedwe kakang’ono kwambiri, popanda kuwawa kwakukulu.
Kukoma kotsalira pambuyo: koyera, kaufupi, kotsitsimula.

7. Mapangidwe a Mankhwala:

Flavonoidi: hyperoside (金丝桃苷, jīnsītáo gān), isoquercitrin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol.
Maasidi a organic: kuphatikizapo chlorogenic ndi gallic.
Zinthu zosasunthika ndi polyphenols.
Amino acid ndi polysaccharides.
Makro- ndi ma microelementi: potaziyamu, magineziamu, kalsiyamu, ayiloni.
Caffeine: kulibe.

Chiŵerengero chenicheni cha zigawo chimadalira mawonekedwe a chomera (chofiira kapena choyera), dera losonkhanitsa, zaka za tsamba ndi njira ya kusinthidwa, chifukwa chake m’magulu osiyanasiyana ziwonetsero zimasiyana. Chokhazikika kwambiri m’mafotokozedwe a zopangira ndi gulu la flavonoidi.

8. Katundu Wopindulitsa:

Udindo: chakumwa cha zakudya, osati mankhwala.

Mu chikhalidwe cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha Chitchaina, lobuma amamwewa ngati chakumwa chodekha, “choziziritsa” chopanda zotsatira zolimbikitsa, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusowa kwa caffeine. Flavonoidi ndi zigawo zina za tsamba zikufufuzidwa ndi sayansi, kuphatikizapo m’njira ya dongosolo la mitsempha ndi ntchito ya antioxidant, komabe zotsatira za kafukufuku siziri zofanana ndi zotsatira zotsimikizika zochizira za chakumwa chokonzeka. Malonjezo aliwonse azaumoyo ogulitsa amapitirira malire a encyclopedia ndipo sayenera kutengedwa ngati chidziwitso cha zamankhwala.

Mwa machenjezo odziwika bwino m’magwero amatchulidwa mosakondera kuchepa pakumwa, komanso kusamala pa nthawi ya pakati ndi kuyamwitsa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa deta. Popeza zigawo za chomera zikuphunziridwa mogwirizana ndi dongosolo la mtima-mitsempha, padera amatchula kuthekera kwa kugwirizana ndi mankhwala ofanana — funso ili limakhudza udindo wa dokotala, osati wogulitsa kapena buku lofotokozera.

9. Kutenthetsa:

Chilinganizo: pafupifupi 3 — 5 g a tsamba pa 200 — 250 ml a madzi.
Madzi: otentha, pafupifupi 90 — 100 °C — tsamba siliri lachifundo ndipo limalola madzi otentha kwambiri.
Zombo: ketulo yagalasi kapena gaiwan, porcelain; galasi ndi yabwino kuti muwone mtundu wa mankhwala.
Nthawi: kutenthetsa koyamba nkwanthawi yaitali kuposa tiyi, — pafupifupi 2 — 4 mphindi; kenako malinga ndi kukoma.
Kutenthetsanso: limalola 2 — 4 kutenthetsanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pang’onopang’ono kwa nthawi.
Kuwiritsa pang’ono: kumaloledwa kuwiritsa pang’ono tsamba kuti mupeze mankhwala okhuthala kwambiri.
Kutumiza kozizira: kumayenera — mankhwala amazizilitsidwa kapena amakonzedwa ndi kuyika kozizira, zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi chiyambi “chachipululu” cha zopangira ndipo zimachotsa ludzu m’nyengo yotentha.

10. Kusunga:

Chidebe: paketi yosatulutsa kuwala yotsekedwa mwamphamvu kapena chidebe chachitsulo.
Mikhalidwe: malo owuma, ozizira opanda kuwala kwachindunji.
Adani a chinthu: chinyezi, fungo lachilendo, kutentha — tsamba limatenga chinyezi.
Nthawi: tsatirani deti ya wopanga; mitundu “yobiriwira” ndi yabwino kumwetsedwa yatsopano, yofufutitsidwa imasungidwa mosalala.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

Cholinga cha mtengo wa ogulitsa ambiri: pafupifupi 90 ¥/kg kwa zopangira wamba; tsamba labwino kwambiri la ku Xinjiang ndi lokwera mtengo kwambiri, zosakaniza zotsika ndi zotsika mtengo.
Momwe zopangira zenizeni zimawonekera: tsamba la mkondo lathunthu ndi mtsempha wowoneka bwino, fungo loyera la udzu-udzu wouma, fumbi laling’ono, matsinde ndi zinthu zina zosayenera.

Zinyengo za khalidwe — kusakaniza ndi masamba a zomera zina zotsika mtengo, kusakaniza mitundu yofiira ndi yoyera popanda kufotokozera, kugulitsa zinthu zomwe si za Xinjiang pansi pa chizindikiro cha Lob-Nor, komanso kugulitsa tsumba lakale, lofululira kwambiri. Zoyenera kuchenjeretsa ndi kuchuluka kwa ufa wakuda mwachilendo, fungo lachikatu kapena lowola, kuchuluka kwa matsinde okhuthala ndi mtengo wochepa mokayikitsa pa zomwe zimanenedwa kuti ndi “choyimira” chiyambi. Ndikodalirika kutsatira kufotokozera momveka kwa zopangira ndi chiyambi, osati mayina okweza mawu.

12. Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi:

Ulu sipatsamba: phindu la mafakitale la kenjiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri limatsimikiziridwa ndendende ndi ulusi wa bast, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito tsamba ngati “tiyi” nkwochedwa.
Chotulutsa uchi: maluwa amayendeledwa ndi njuchi mwachangu, ndipo uchi wochokera ku nkhalango za lobuma ndi chinthu chodziyimira chokha cha komweko.
Chomera-meliorant: khalidwe lopirira mchere limapangitsa lobuma kukhala yothandiza pakukhazikitsa mchenga ndi kubwezeretsanso madera amchere.
Dzina lochokera ku geography: chochitika chosowa, pamene chakumwa chimanyamula dzina la nyanja yeniyeni yowuma — Lob-Nor.

Potsiriza:

Tiyi ya lobuma ndi chitsanzo chowonekera cha gulu la Chitchaina la 代用茶: chakumwa chomwe chimatenthetsedwa ndi kumwetsedwa mwachiyi, koma chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku chomera chosiyana kotheratu — kenjiri wopirira mchere wa madambo a Xinjiang ndi malo a mchere. Ili ndi malingaliro akeake — teruara yovuta ya dera la chipululu, zopangira zodziwika, teknoloji yokhazikitsidwa ya kusinthidwa kwa tsamba ndi mbiri yofewa, yopanda caffeine ya kukoma, yomwe imayamikiridwa chifukwa cha bata, osati mphamvu.

Kuyenera kuuganizira moona mtima ndi popanda kuchita monyanyira: uwu si “tiyi wachinyengo” ndiponso si mankhwala, koma mankhwala otentha odziyimira paokha a zakudya. Zigawo zake zina zikuphunziridwadi, koma chidwi cha sayansi sichisandutsa kapu ya mankhwala otentha kukhala njira yachipatala, ndipo malonjezo a zaumoyo a tsiku ndi tsiku amakhalabe kunja kwa malire a chidziwitso chenicheni. Pogwiritsa ntchito mwabata — ndi chidwi pa chiyambi cha zopangira, kuchepa ndi ubwino wa tsamba — lobuma imakhala m’malo ake oyenera pambali pa tiyi yeniyeni, osayesera kuoneka ngati iyo.

the teas described here are available from teamotea