jīnyínhuā

Maluwa a honeysuckle ndi masamba osatulutsidwa ouma a chitsamba chokhotakhota cha Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), chimodzi mwa zinthu zodziwika bwino zomera zomwe ku China amaziphika motsatira chikhalidwe cha “tiyi”. Poyamba tiyenera kufotokoza momveka: si tiyi m’lingaliro la zomera — masamba a Camellia sinensis kulibe m’chinthucho, ndipo m’dongosolo la malonda la ku China chakumwa chotere chimaloŵa m’gulu la zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá), ndiko kuti, kulowa kwa zomera. Dzina lakuti 金银花 kwenikweni limatanthauza “duwa la golide-siliva” ndipo limasonyeza khalidwe la korola kusintha mtundu kuchoka kuyera (siliva) kupita kuchikasu (golide) pamene likutuluka. Madera akuluakulu a malonda ndi maboma a Fengqiu ndi Xinmi (kale Mixian) m’chigawo cha Henan, Pingyi ku Shandong ndi Longxi ku Gansu. M’chikhalidwe chatsiku ndi tsiku, kulowa kumalemekezedwa ngati chakumwa chopepuka, chowawa pang’ono cha “chikhalidwe chozizira”, chofunikira kwambiri m’nyengo yotentha komanso m’mitundu yoziziritsa (凉茶, liángchá).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi, kulowa kwa zitsamba (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); si tiyi wa Camellia sinensis
• Mtundu wa zomera: Lonicera japonica Thunb., banja la honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae)
• Zinthu: masamba osatulutsidwa a maluwa (花蕾, huālěi)
• Gulu: kulowa kwa zomera ndi maluwa ouma (代用茶, dàiyòng chá) — kunja kwa gulu la zomera la tiyi wa Camellia sinensis
• Zinthu zoyandikira koma zosiyana: honeysuckle ya m’mapiri (山银花, shānyínhuā)

Tiyenera kunena mosapita m’mbali: m’chinthuchi mulibe ndipo sipangakhale masamba a chitsamba cha tiyi cha Camellia sinensis. Chimene m’Chirasha ndi m’Chingerezi amachitcha “tiyi wa honeysuckle,” m’gulu la ku China ndi chakumwa cha zomera cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶). Liwu “tiyi” pano limafotokoza njira yogwiritsira ntchito — kuthira zinthu zouma ndi madzi otentha ndi kulowa, — osati ubale wa zomera ndi tiyi weniweni. Uwu ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha ndi wolemekezeka wa zakumwa wokhala ndi mwambo wake, osati cholowa m’malo.

Payokha tiyenera kusiyanitsa 金银花 ndi 山银花 (shānyínhuā). Choyamba ndi masamba a Lonicera japonica. Chachiwiri ndi zinthu za mitundu ina ingapo ya mtundu wa honeysuckle, makamaka Lonicera macranthoides ndi Lonicera confusa, komanso mitundu yoyandikira; m’machitidwe a pharmacopoeia ya ku China 山银花 m’kati mwa zaka za m’ma 2000 idapatulidwa kukhala malo osiyana ndipo mwalamulo imaonedwa ngati zinthu zina. Mitundu imasiyanitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi chiŵerengero cha phenolic acids ndi saponins, chifukwa chake kuzisakaniza kapena kugulitsa chimodzi pansi pa dzina la china n’kosayenera.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

• Dzina lakale: 忍冬 (rěndōng, “chipirira chisanu”)
• Dzina lapambuyo: 金银花 linakhazikitsidwa kwa masamba mu China yakale
• Mayina ena: 双花 (shuānghuā, “duwa lapawiri”), 二花

Chomera pansi pa dzina 忍冬 chimatchulidwa m’mabuku akale a zinthu zachipatala: dzinali limagwirizana ndi kukhala kwake kobiriŵira theka la chaka — mbali ina ya masamba imasungidwa m’nyengo yozizira. Dzina la “maluwa” lenileni 金银花 linaloŵa m’kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala pambuyo pake, m’nthawi ya Song ndi Ming, ndipo limasonyeza kuonerera kwa alimi za kusintha kwa mtundu wa makorola. Li Shizhen mu “Compendium of Materia Medica” (本草纲目, Běncǎo Gāngmù) akufotokoza mpesa onse ndi maluwa ake.

M’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, maluwa a honeysuckle adalowetsedwa mwamphamvu mu chikhalidwe cha zakumwa “zoziziritsa” za pakati ndi kum’mwera kwa China: amawonjezedwa ku mitundu ya 凉茶, amasakanizidwa ndi chrysanthemum (菊花, júhuā) ndi zitsamba zina. Kulowa kumaonedwa ngati kwa nyengo, “kwachilimwe,” kogwirizana ndi lingaliro la kuziziritsa mu nyengo yotentha ndi yachinyontho.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zinthu:

• Mawonekedwe a moyo: chitsamba chamtundu wa mpesa chokhotakhota cha theka la chaka chobiriŵira
• Maluwa: awiriawiri, a chubu cha milomo iwiri, onunkhira
• Kusintha kwa mtundu: kuchoka kuyera kupita ku chikasu cha golide
• Zinthu zamalonda: masamba osatulutsidwa olimba

Lonicera japonica ndi chitsamba chokhotakhota chokhala ndi masamba oyang’anizana ndi maluwa odziwika awiriawiri, amene amakhala m’mikhachila pawiri (chifukwa chake dzina la anthu “duwa lapawiri” ndi ndakatulo 鸳鸯藤, yuānyāngténg, “mpesa wa bakha wamandarin”). Korola watsopano amatseguka oyera, ndipo pakatha tsiku limodzi kapena aŵiri amakhala achikasu, chifukwa chake panthambi imodzi nthawi imodzi amaoneka maluwa oyera ndi achikasu — izi zinapereka dzina “golide-siliva.”

Zofunika pa malonda ndi masamba enieniwo osatulutsidwa. Amawasonkhanitsa pa msinkhu umene m’mapangidwe a ku China amatcha 大白期 (dàbái qī), — pamene kasamba kakhala kotukumuka ndi koyera, koma sikunatseguke. Maluwa achikasu otseguka amaonedwa ngati zinthu za mtundu wapansi.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Henan (河南): boma la Fengqiu (封丘) ndi dera la Xinmi — kale boma la Mixian (密县), lotchuka 密银花 (mìyínhuā)
• Shandong (山东): boma la Pingyi (平邑) m’mapiri a Yimeng (沂蒙) — dera lalikulu kwambiri
• Gansu (甘肃): boma la Longxi (陇西) — dera lalikulu latsopano

Geography ya malonda ya honeysuckle idapangidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Zinthu za ku Henan zimaonedwa ngati zachikale: 密银花 yochokera m’madera ozungulira kale Mixian inali yotchuka ndi kasamba kake kochepa ndi fungo loyera, ndipo Fengqiu lero ndi limodzi la madera okhala ndi dzina la geographical lotetezedwa. Boma la Shandong la Pingyi m’mapiri a Yimeng m’kupita kwa nthawi linakhala wopanga wamkulu kwambiri pa malo ndi kuchuluka, kupereka gawo lalikulu la kuchuluka kwa malonda. Ku Gansu boma la Longxi lidakulitsa kulima kwa mafakitale pambuyo pake, koma chifukwa cha nyengo yowuma ya kontinenti ndi malo akuluakulu linaloŵa m’ndandanda wa madera otsogola.

Honeysuckle ndi yosafuna dothi, imagonjetsa chilala ndi chisanu, imagwira bwino malo otsetsereka ndipo chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m’minda yoletsa kukokoloka ndi kukonzanso. Chitsamba sichiyamba kutulutsa nthawi yomweyo, koma kenako chimabala maluwa kwa zaka zambiri. Pa nyengo imodzi, kututa kungathe kuchitika kangapo, chifukwa kutulutsa masamba kumatambasuka.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

• Kututa: pamanja, pa msinkhu wa 大白期, mu nyengo youma
• Kukonza koyamba: kuumitsa kapena kukhazikitsa kwakanthawi ndi nthunzi kapena kutentha kenako kuumitsa
• Njira zoumitsa: dzuŵa (晒干, shàigān), mthunzi (阴干, yīngān), mpweya wotentha (烘干, hōnggān)
• Njira yovuta: kufukiza ndi sulufule (硫熏, liúxūn)

Masamba otutidwa amafunika kuumitsidwa mwamsanga: kuchedwa kumabweretsa kubiriŵira ndi kutayika kwa fungo. Mwamwambo zinthu zimaumitsidwa padzuŵa kapena mumthunzi; minda yamakono nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito kuumitsa ndi mpweya wotentha, kumene kumapereka mtundu woyenera ndi kuchepetsa chiopsyezo cha kuwonongeka. Olima ena amagwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa kwakanthawi ndi kutentha kapena nthunzi, kuti “ayimitse” kasamba ndi kuteteza mtundu.

M’mbiri, kuti azitsuka ndi kuteteza ku nkhungu ndi tizilombo, zinthu zinkafukizidwa ndi sulufule. Njira yotereyi imapereka kasamba koyera modetsa nkhaŵa, “konyezimira” ndi fungo lakuthwa, ndipo sulufule yotsalira ndi yosayenera; lero mchitidwe wofukiza umaletsedwa ndipo suyenera, ndipo zinthu zabwino zimaumitsidwa popanda sulufule.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

• Maonekedwe: masamba opyapyala a ndodo 2 — 3 cm, obiriŵira achikasu mpaka oyera achikasu, okhala ndi ubweya wochepa
• Fungo la zinthu zouma: latsopano, la udzu ndi maluwa, ndi kamvekedwe kakang’ono kotsekemera
• Kulowa: kuchokera kuchikasu chotuŵa mpaka kobiriŵira achikasu, kowonekera
• Kukoma: kofewa, kowawa pang’ono, ndi kamvekedwe kozizira pambuyo

Kasamba kabwino ndi kothinana, kathunthu, popanda gawo lalikulu la maluwa otseguka, mapesi ndi zinyalala. Fungo ndi loyera, lopanda kununkha ndi kupanda kuthwa kwa mankhwala, kumene kumasonyeza sulufule. M’kulowa, kuonekera ndi kutsopano kumalemekezedwa; kubiriŵira koonekera nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza zinthu zakale kapena zotenthedwa mopitirira.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

• Phenolic acids: chlorogenic acid (绿原酸, lǜyuánsuān) ndi ma isomers ake — chizindikiro chachikulu
• Flavonoids: luteoloside, ndiko kuti luteolin-7-O-glucoside (木犀草苷, mùxīcǎogān)
• Iridoids: secologanin, loganin, sweroside ndi mankhwala ogwirizana
• Mafuta ofunikira: kachigawo kakang’ono ka volatiles, kamene kamapanga fungo

Mbiri ya mankhwala ya honeysuckle yaphunziridwa bwino. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha analytical ndi chlorogenic acid; kuchuluka kwake mu zinthu zabwino, monga lamulo, kumakhala pakati pa 1.5 mpaka 4 peresenti. Chinthu chachiwiri chowongolera ndi luteoloside. Ndiko kutengera chiŵerengero cha phenolic acids, flavonoids ndi saponins pamene 金银花 amasiyanitsidwa ndi 山银花.

8. Zopindulitsa:

• M’mwambo wapakhomo: kulowa kumayikidwa m’gulu la zakumwa za “chikhalidwe chozizira” (清热, qīngrè), zoyenera pa kutentha
• Zomwe sayansi imaphunzira: phenolic compounds ndi ntchito yawo ya antioxidant m’malo a labotale
• Udindo: chinthu cha chakudya, osati mankhwala

M’mwambo wapakhomo wa ku China, kulowa kwa maluwa a honeysuckle kumayikidwa m’gulu la zakumwa za “chikhalidwe chozizira” ndipo amamwa makamaka m’nyengo yotentha, nthawi zambiri mu mitundu yoziziritsa. Ili ndi gulu la chikhalidwe, osati chizindikiro cha chipatala.

Zomwe zanenedwa ndi kufotokoza kwa malingaliro, osati kunena za zotsatira zachipatala. Chinthu ndi cha chakudya; malonjezo a thanzi a ogulitsa amapitirira mlingo wa encyclopedia ndipo sakubwerezedwa pano. Monga ndi kulowa kulikonse kwa zitsamba kothithikana, kudziletsa n’koyenera; anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe yapadera, oyembekezera ndi oyamwitsa, komanso awo amene amamwa mankhwala, n’koyenera kukhala osamala pa kumwa pafupipafupi. Ichi ndi chenjezo losalowerera ndale, osati malangizo kapena mlingo.

9. Kuphika:

• Chiŵerengero: pafupifupi 3 — 5 g wa masamba ouma pa 300 — 500 ml wa madzi
• Kutentha: 90 — 95 °C
• Ziwiya: teapot kapena galasi lagalasi, gaiwan, porcelain
• Nthawi: kulowa koyamba 2 — 4 mphindi
• Kuthira: 2 — 3
• Kutumikira kozizira: n’koyenera

Honeysuckle ndi yabwino kuphika mu galasi lowonekera — mutha kuona mmene masamba amatsegukira ndi pang’onopang’ono mmene madzi amabadwa mtundu. N’kokwanira pafupifupi madzi otentha, atazizidwa pang’ono (pafupifupi 90 — 95 °C): motero kusungidwa bwino kwa fungo latsopano, ndipo kuwawa kopitirira sikutuluka. Kulowa koyamba kumasungidwa mphindi ziŵiri kapena zinayi, kenako nthawi ya kuthira kotsatira kumawonjezedwa pang’ono; zinthu zimagwira kuthira kuŵiri kapena kutatu.

M’chilimwe honeysuckle nthawi zambiri amamwa ozizira: kulowa kumaphikidwa mwamphamvu, kuzizidwa ndi kuikidwa m’malo ozizira, nthawi zina amawonjezera chrysanthemum pang’ono kapena kotsekemera kochepa kwambiri. Zosakaniza zachikale — ndi chrysanthemum (菊花) ndi licorice (甘草, gāncǎo) m’mitundu yoziziritsa.

10. Kusunga:

• Mikhalidwe: kuuma, kuzizira, mdima, chidebe chotseka
• Zowopsa: chinyontho, kubiriŵira, kutha kwa fungo, tizilombo
• Nthawi: mwachizolowezi — mkati mwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziŵiri, fungo limakhala lomveka bwino m’chaka choyamba

Masamba ouma ndi osungira chinyontho ndi okhudzidwa ndi kuunika: pa mpweya ndi padzuŵa amabiriŵira mwamsanga ndi kutaya fungo. Ayenera kusungidwa m’chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu, m’malo ouma ozizira, kutali ndi fungo lamphamvu. Pakanyowa zinthu zimakhota nkhungu mosavuta ndi kuonongeka ndi tizilombo, chifukwa chake ndikofunika kuthandizira kuti pasakhale chinyontho.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo:

• Cholinga cha mtengo wogulitsa ambiri: pafupifupi 160 ¥/kg (kuchuluka kumatengera mtundu, dera ndi chaka)
• Zinthu zenizeni: masamba athunthu osatulutsidwa a Lonicera japonica, a mtundu woyenera wobiriŵira achikasu, ndi fungo loyera
• Zolowa m’malo ndi zolakwika zodziwika: 山银花 pansi pa dzina 金银花; gawo lalikulu la maluwa otseguka; kufukiza ndi sulufule; kupaka utoto; kusakaniza mapesi ndi masamba

Weniweni 金银花 ndi masamba opyapyala, osamalika, makamaka osatseguka okhala ndi mtundu wachibadwa ndi fungo lamoyo la udzu ndi maluwa. Zomwe ziyenera kuchenjeza ndi: maonekedwe oyera modetsa nkhaŵa, “otumbululidwa” ndi fungo la asidi la mankhwala — chizindikiro cha sulufule; mtundu wofiira wofanana ndi fungo la utoto; kuchuluka kwa maluwa achikasu otseguka, zidutswa za mapesi ndi zinyalala. Nkhani ina ndi kulowa m’malo ndi zinthu za 山银花 (Lonicera macranthoides, Lonicera confusa ndi mitundu yoyandikira): masamba ake nthawi zambiri ndi aakulu ndi okhuthala, okhala ndi ubweya wothinana, ndipo mwalamulo ichi ndi chinthu china. Mtengo wogulitsa ambiri umangokhala chitsogozo chochepa chabe: magulu otsika mtengo kwambiri ayenera kufufuzidwa pa kulowa m’malo ndi khalidwe, ndipo mtengo wogulitsa wapaderadera sukambidwa pano.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa:

• Dzina “golide-siliva” limagwirizana ndi chakuti pathambi limodzi nthawi imodzi amayandikana maluwa oyera ndi amene asanduka achikasu kale.
• Dzina lakale 忍冬 (“chipirira chisanu”) limasonyeza kuti chomera chimakhala chobiriŵira theka la chaka.
• Dzina londakatulo 鸳鸯藤 — “mpesa wa bakha wamandarin” — linaperekedwa chifukwa cha kakonzedwe ka maluwa awiriawiri.
• Kulekanitsidwa kwa 金银花 ndi 山银花 mu machitidwe a pharmacopoeia kunadzetsa mkangano wodziwika wa msika ndi olima akumwera a honeysuckle ya m’mapiri.
• Kunja kwa Asia, mwachitsanzo ku North America, Lonicera japonica imachita ngati chomera cholowera chaukali ndipo m’malo ena imaonedwa ngati udzu wowononga.

Pomaliza:

Maluwa a honeysuckle ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha “tiyi umene si tiyi”: chakumwa chimaphikidwa motsatira mwambo wa tiyi, koma mwa zomera sichigwirizana ndi camellia ya ku China ndipo chimaloŵa m’gulu la zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶). Kuseri kwa kasamba kakang’ono kouma kuli mwambo wautali, malo odziwika a madera a Henan, Shandong ndi Gansu ndi ukadaulo wosamalitsa wa kututa ndi kuumitsa, umene umatsimikiza mtundu, fungo ndi chiyero cha kulowa.

Kwa wogula chofunika kwambiri ndikumvetsetsa chimene akutenga: masamba athunthu, amtundu wachibadwa a Lonicera japonica okhala ndi fungo lamoyo latsopano, osati zinthu zotumbululidwa ndi sulufule kapena zolowedwa m’malo ndi honeysuckle ya m’mapiri. Ndi malingaliro osakhudzidwa pa malonjezo a thanzi ndi kudziletsa koyenera, honeysuckle imakhalabe kulowa kosangalatsa kwa nyengo yokhala ndi khalidwe lake — kuwawa pang’ono ndi kamvekedwe kozizira ka maluwa pambuyo.

the teas described here are available from teamotea