jīn xuān gōng fu hóng

Jīn Xuān gōngfū — tiyi yofiira (malinga ndi kaonedwe ka Azungu ndi yakuda), wopangidwa kuchokera ku tsamba la chitsamba chamtundu wa Jīn Xuān (金萱, Jīn Xuān) pogwiritsa ntchito luso la tiyi yofiira yapamwamba ya kalembedwe ka gōngfū. Mtundu wa Jīn Xuān unabzalidwa ku Taiwan ndipo umadziwika ndi fungo lachilengedwe la zonona ndi maluwa; popangidwanso kukhala tiyi yofiira, mkhalidwe umenewu umasungidwa pang’ono ndipo umapereka ku chakumwacho kanunkhira kofewa ka mkaka ndi uchi. Tiyi amapangidwa ku Taiwan komanso ku China wamba, kumene mtunduwo unabweretsedwa ndipo unafala kwambiri makamaka m’chigawo cha Fújiàn. Mosiyana ndi tiyi zofiira zachikale za madera — Qihong (祁红, Qíhóng), Diānhóng (滇红, Diānhóng), Zhengshan Xiaozhong (正山小种, Zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng) — Jīn Xuān gōngfū ndi tiyi yamtundu: kudziwika kwake kumatsimikiziridwa choyamba ndi cultivar, osati ndi terroir umodzi. Imatha malo ake m’gulu la tiyi zamakono zofiira za “dzina”, zolumikiza khalidwe lodziwika la chitsamba ndi luso lachikhalidwe la fajiao.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi:

Mtundu: tiyi yofiira (红茶, hóngchá), kalembedwe ka gōngfū — tsamba lopota mwapamwamba
Mtundu wa chitsamba: Jīn Xuān (金萱, Jīn Xuān), dzina lovomerezeka — Tiyi ya Taiwan №12 (台茶12号, Táichá shí’èr hào)
Gulu la malo: mtundu/kalembedwe, kosamangirira ku malo amodzi ochokera
Madera akuluakulu: Taiwan ndi China wamba (Fújiàn ndi zigawo zina)

Liwu loti «gōngfū» pano likutanthauza kalembedwe ka luso ka tiyi yofiira, osati masewera ankhondo. M’mawu a tiyi achi China, kalasi iyi mwachikhalidwe imalembedwa ndi zilembo za 工夫 (gōngfū) — «ntchito, ntchito yosamala», zomwe zimagogomezera kulabadira kwa kukonza tsamba. Kulemba 功夫 (gōngfū, «luso, kung-fu»), kogwiritsidwa ntchito mu dzina la malo, kumapezeka mofala mu malonda ndipo kumamveka chimodzimodzi, koma m’mbiri, mawonekedwe olondola amaganiziridwa kukhala 工夫红茶 (gōngfū hóngchá). Ku China wamba, gulu la tiyi yofiira ya gōngfū likufotokozedwa mu muyezo wadziko wa tiyi yofiira wa mndandanda wa GB/T 13738 (ndi gawo lapadera, loperekedwa kwa 工夫红茶).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Kusankhula mtundu: Siteshoni Yowongolera Tiyi (茶業改良場, Cháyè gǎiliáng chǎng), Taiwan
Chaka chotulutsidwa mwalamulo: 1981
Maonekedwe a makolo: malinga ndi magwero ambiri — Tainong No. 8 (台農8号, Táinóng bā hào) × × Yingzhi Hongxin (硬枝紅心, Yìngzhī hóngxīn)

Mtundu wa Jīn Xuān udasankhidwa ndikutchulidwa ndi katswiri wodziwika wa tiyi wa ku Taiwan Wú Zhènduó (吳振鐸, Wú Zhènduó). Malinga ndi nthano yofala, dzina lakuti 金萱 adalipereka polemekeza agogo ake aakazi; mtundu wofanana nawo wa Cuiyu (翠玉, Cuìyù, Tiyi ya Taiwan №13) womwe unabzalidwa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo umalumikizidwa ndi dzina la amayi ake. Poyamba Jīn Xuān adapangidwa ndipo adatchuka ngati chopangira wulong — «wulong wamkaka» ndi kanunkhira kofewa ka zonona.

Kukonzanso Jīn Xuān kukhala ndendende tiyi yofiira — ndichochitika chochedwa. Chimalumikizidwa ndi funde la kutsitsimuka kwa chidwi pa tiyi yofiira ku China ndi ku Taiwan m’zaka za 2000s, pamene opanga adayamba kupanga tiyi yofiira yokwana kuchokera ku mitundu ya wulong yonunkhira bwino. Motero kudapangika kalembedwe komwe mkhalidwe wachilengedwe wa zonona wa chitsamba umaphatikizidwa ndi ma toni a uchi ndi zipatso a tiyi yofiira.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Chopangira:

Mtundu: Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, mtundu wachi China (var. sinensis)
Maonekedwe a chomera: chitsamba, chisoti chofalikira pang’ono
Tsamba: lapakati pa kukula, lozungulira-ellipsis, lolimba, lokhuthala, lobiriwira kwambiri, ndi pamwamba pothwanima pang’ono
Kupanga mphukira: koyambirira, zokolola ndi zambiri
Kupirira: kusinthasintha kwabwino, kupirira kuzizira ndi chilala pang’ono

Jīn Xuān amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kusavutikira komanso kutulutsa kwazokolola kwambiri mokhazikika, zomwe zidamupanga kukhala umodzi mwa ma cultivar ofala kwambiri ku Taiwan ndi wosavuta kuwonjezera ku China wamba. Pa tiyi yofiira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma flush a muyezo wa «mphukira ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu»; kusalala kwa kutola kumatengera nyengo ndi kalasi yomwe akufuna ya katundu.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

Taiwan: chigawo cha Nántóu (南投, Nántóu) ndi madera ena olima tiyi, minda m’mapiri ndi m’mapiri atali apakati
China wamba: choyamba chigawo cha Fújiàn (福建, Fújiàn); mtunduwo umalimidwanso m’zigawo zina zingapo
Kutalika: kuchokera ku madera otsika mpaka apakati kutengera famu

Popeza Jīn Xuān gōngfū — ndi tiyi yamtundu, osati yokhazikika kudera, khalidwe lake limadalira kwambiri cultivar, nyengo yotola ndi luso la kukonza, osati terroir umodzi “wachitsanzo”. Nyengo yozizira kwambiri ndi kutalika kwapakati, monga lamulo, zimapereka fungo lodziwika bwino ndi kufewa, pamene minda ya m’mapiri imayang’ana kuchuluka.

5. Luso la Kupanga:

Tiyi amapangidwa motsatira ndondomeko yachikale ya tiyi yofiira ya gōngfū kuchokera m’magawo otsatana.

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): tsamba latsopano limafowotseredwa, kuchepetsa chinyezi ndikulipangitsa kukhala losalala; apa fungo limayamba kuonekera
Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): tsamba limapoteredwa, kuwononga makoma a maselo ndi kuyambitsa okisidhesheni; mawonekedwe apamwamba opota amapangidwa
Fajiao/okisidhesheni (发酵, fājiào): gawo lofunikira, pomwe ma catechin amatenthedwa, chakumwacho chimakhala chofiira, ndipo fungo limasunthira ku uchi-zipatso ndi zonona
Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào): kutentha kumayimitsa fajiao, kumakhazikitsa fungo ndikufikitsa chinyezi pamlingo wotetezeka

Ndendende kukwanira ndi kufanana kwa fajiao kumatsimikizira ngati mu kapu musungidwe kanunkhira kachilengedwe ka zonona ka Jīn Xuān kapena kasiyidwa malo ndi ma toni akuda, “ophika”. Kusalala ndi kusamala kwa kupota — ndiko «gōngfū» kwenikweni, kusiyanitsa kalasi iyi ndi tiyi zofiira zoyipa kapena zodulidwa.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic:

Tsamba louma: lapamwamba, lopota mwamphamvu, loderapo kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ndi nsonga zagolide
Chakumwacho: kuchokera ku golide-lalanje mpaka amber wofiira, woonekera bwino
Fungo: la uchi, la maluwa, ndi kanunkhira kofewa ka mkaka-zonona, kodziwika kwa mtunduwo
Kukoma: kotsekemera, kozungulira, kofewa, ndi kukhwimitsa pang’ono ndi kukoma kwakutali kotsekemera pambuyo
Tsamba lophikidwa: lofewa, lalingana, lofiira-mkuwa

Khalidwe losiyanitsa la tiyi — kuphatikizana kwa kutsekemera kwa uchi komwe kumadziwika ndi tiyi yofiira ndi kamvekedwe kachilengedwe ka zonona ndi maluwa ka mtunduwo. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu yamphamvu monga Diānhóng, Jīn Xuān gōngfū nthawi zambiri imakhala yofewa komanso “yotsekemera”.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala:

Zotuluka za okisidhesheni ya ma polyphenol: chahuangsu (茶黄素, cháhuángsù), chahongsu (茶红素, cháhóngsù), chahesu (茶褐素, cháhèsù) — amapangidwa panthawi ya fajiao kuchokera ku ma catechin ndipo amatsimikizira mtundu ndi kukoma kwa chakumwacho
Kafeijian (咖啡碱, kāfēijiǎn): nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi 2–4 % ya kulemera kwa tsamba louma
Ma amino acid: kuphatikiza cha’ansuan (茶氨酸, chá’ānsuān), amapereka ku kufewa ndi «xian»
Zinthu zonunkhira: ma terpene alcohol ndi zotuluka zake (makamaka, fangzhangchun ndi ma oxide ake) mwachikhalidwe amalumikizidwa ndi fungo la maluwa-zonona la mtunduwo

Kulingana kwenikweni kwa zinthu kumadalira nyengo yotola, mlingo wa fajiao ndi dera; ziwerengero zomwe zaperekedwa ndi zongoyerekeza.

8. Zinthu Zothandiza:

Mphamvu yolimbikitsa: kuphatikiza kwa kafeijian ndi ma amino acid kumapereka mphamvu yofewa, yofanana
Mphamvu ya antioxidant: chahuangsu ndi chahongsu ali ndi mphamvu zodziwika za antioxidant
Kufewa kwa m’mimba: tiyi yofiira yokwana nthawi zambiri imamwedwa mosavuta, kusiyana ndi yobiriwira, ndipo mwachikhalidwe imawonedwa ngati “yotenthetsa”

Monga ndi tiyi iliyonse, tikulankhula za makhalidwe onse a chakumwa, osati za machiritso; ngati mukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kafeijian, muyenera kuganizira nthawi yomwera.

9. Kutengera:

Madzi: ofewa, owiritsidwa kumene, kutentha pafupifupi 90–95 °C
Chombo: gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) kapena kapu yaing’ono ya porcelain kapena dongo
Kutsanulira (kalembedwe ka gōngfū): pafupifupi 5 g pa 100–120 ml; kutsuka sikofunikira, kutsanulira koyamba masekondi 10–20, kenako nthawi imawonjezedwa pang’onopang’ono
Chiwerengero cha kutsanulira: 5–8 kutengera chopangira
Njira ya Azungu: pafupifupi 3 g pa 200 ml, mphindi 3–4, kutsanulira kumodzi kapena kuwiri

Kuti musunge kanunkhira kachilengedwe ka zonona ka mtunduwo, madzi sayenera kutenthedwa mopitirira muyeso: kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri ndi kusiya nthawi yayitali kumawonjezera kukhwimitsa ndi “kubisa” fungo lofewa. Mkaka ndi shuga sizofunikira pa tiyi iyi — kutsekemera kwake ndi kwachilengedwe.

10. Kusunga:

Mikhalidwe: malo owuma, ozizira, amdima, kutali ndi fungo lina
Kulongedza: chidebe chosawonekera chotseka; tiyi yofiira imayamwa chinyezi ndi fungo mwachangu
Nthawi: nthawi zambiri zaka 2–3 posungidwa bwino, ndi kutayika kwapang’onopang’ono kwa ma toni apamwamba a fungo

Tiyi yofiira siyolinganizidwa kuti “isungidwe” nthawi yayitali, monga sheng: m’kupita kwa nthawi fungo lake lowala limazirira, choncho kumwa mwatsopano ndikwabwino.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga:

Gawo la mtengo: gawo lotsika mtengo komanso lapakati; Jīn Xuān gōngfū wamba wa ku China nthawi zambiri ndi wotsika mtengo, magulu a ku Taiwan a m’mapiri atali ndi opangidwa mwasamala ndi okwera mtengo
Chiwopsezo chachikulu: kununkhiritsa. Pali tiyi zambiri za “mkaka”, zomwe zimawonjezeredwa chonunkhiritsa cha chakudya (奶香精, nǎixiāngjīng), chotengera fungo la zonona

Zizindikiro za chilengedwe: pa Jīn Xuān weniweni, kanunkhira ka zonona ndi kofewa, kwachilengedwe ndipo kamachepa kuchokera ku kutsanulira kumodzi kupita ku kenako limodzi ndi fungo lonse. Fungo lakuthwa, lotsekemera kwambiri, la “maswiti-mkaka”, losunga mphamvu yofanana pa kutsanulira konse ndi kutsalira pa chidebe chopanda kanthu, nthawi zambiri limasonyeza chonunkhiritsa chowonjezeredwa. Khalani tcheru ndi zokutira zoyera mopanda chilengedwe pa tsamba louma komanso mtengo wotsika kwambiri pomwe fungo la “mkaka” likunenedwa. Onaninso kuti pansi pa dzinali akugulitsa ndendende tiyi yofiira yochokera ku Jīn Xuān, osati wulong wamba kapena tiyi yofiira ya mtundu wina.

12. Mfundo Zosangalatsa:

Jīn Xuān nthawi zambiri amagulitsidwa ndi dzina lamalonda la «wulong wamkaka», komabe kanunkhira kachilengedwe ka zonona ka mtunduwo ndi kofewa; kukoma kowonekera bwino kwa “mkaka” pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumatanthauza kununkhiritsa
Chitsamba chimodzi chimodzi chimapereka tiyi zosiyanasiyana — wulong, yofiira ndi (kawirikawiri) yobiriwira, — ndipo khalidwe la chakumwacho limasintha kwambiri kutengera luso
Mtundu wofanana nawo wa Cuiyu (翠玉, Cuìyù, Tiyi ya Taiwan №13) unabzalidwa ndikutchulidwa ndi katswiri yemweyo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo
Kusiyana kwa zilembo za 工夫 ndi 功夫 mu dzina — ndi chinthu chofala chosokoneza ngakhale pakati pa olankhula chinenerocho

Pomaliza:

Jīn Xuān gōngfū — chitsanzo chodziwika cha tiyi yamakono yofiira yamtundu, kumene kudziwika kwa chakumwacho kumaperekedwa osati ndi dzina la dera, koma ndi cultivar weniweni. Kutsekemera kofewa kwa mkaka-uchi, kukhwimitsa kosakwera ndi fungo lokoma zimapanga kukhala tiyi yabwino yatsiku ndi tsiku ndipo nthawi yomweyo yofotokoza mokwanira, yosangalatsa kwa woyamba kumene ndi kwa wokonda wodziwa zambiri.

Pogula, chofunika kwambiri — kusiyanitsa khalidwe lachilengedwe la mtundu ndi kununkhiritsa kochita kupanga ndipo osayerekezera mopambanitsa “mkaka”: pa tiyi wopangidwa mwachilungamo, ndi wofewa ndipo umangokhala chowonjezera ku mbiri yachikale ya tiyi yofiira ya gōngfū. Mu kuphatikizana uku kwa luso lachikhalidwe ndi mtundu wosankhidwa ndiko kuli malo a Jīn Xuān gōngfū mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi.

the teas described here are available from teamotea