fú lái qīng

Fu Lai Qing (fú lái qīng, 浮来青), yemwe amadziwikanso ndi dzina lakuti “Yimeng wobiriwira” (yí méng lǜ, 沂蒙绿) — ndi tiyi wobiriwira wakumpoto wochokera ku dera la Ju County (莒县) pafupi ndi Linyi (临沂), m’modzi mwa oimira sukulu ya Shandong, yomwe inakulira pa pulojekiti ya ‘kusamutsa tiyi kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto’.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi:

• Mtundu: tiyi wobiriwira (lǜ chá, 绿茶), wosafufuzidwa.
• Gulu: tiyi wodziwika wa masika (míng yōu, 名优) — mankhwala a gulu la masika lapamwamba, osankhidwa kuchokera ku masamba ang’onoang’ono.
• Chiyambi: Ju County (莒县) pafupi ndi Linyi (临沂), dera lamapiri la Yimengshan (沂蒙山) kumwera kwa chigawo cha Shandong. Tiyi amatchedwa dzina la phiri la Fulaishan (浮来山) pafupi ndi likulu la dera la Ju — kuchokera pamenepo gawo loyamba la dzinalo, “fú lái”, pomwe “qīng” (青, ‘wobiriwira, wonyezimira’) amasonyeza gulu la tiyi ndi mtundu wa madzi ake.
• Dera: Jiangbei (江北, ‘kumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze’) — malire akumpoto kwambiri a ulimi wa tiyi wa ku China.
• Mtundu wa Zomera: minda yobzalidwa yochokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana (yǐn zhǒng qún, 引种群) — maziko osakanikirana a mitundu yakummwera, yosankhidwa chifukwa chopirira chisanu. Ndikolondola kunena za ‘gulu lobzalidwa lochokera kunja’ osati za mtundu umodzi wokhazikitsidwa; mitundu yeniyeni ya minda ya Ju imasiyana pakati pa mafamu.
• Banja la Chigawo: Fu Lai Qing ali pamodzi ndi anzake awiri odziwika bwino — Rizhao wobiriwira (日照绿茶) ndi Laoshan wobiriwira (崂山绿茶), akugawana nawo mbadwa yofanana yakumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe:

Mbiri ya Fu Lai Qing ndi yaifupi poyerekeza ndi miyeso ya tiyi wa ku China ndipo siingalekanitsidwe ndi mbiri ya ulimi wonse wa tiyi wa Shandong. Kampeni ya ‘kusamutsa tiyi kumpoto’ isanachitike, madera amenewa ankaonedwa kuti ndi osayenera kulima tiyi — kuzizira kwambiri.

• ‘Kusamutsa Tiyi Kumpoto’: Fu Lai Qing ndi tiyi wobzalidwa kuchokera kunja (yǐn zhǒng, 引种) osati wakale. Zitsamba zake sizimachokera ku mitundu yakutchire ya m’deralo, koma ku mitundu yakumwera, yomwe inabweretsedwa ku Shandong pansi pa kampeni ya boma ya “nán chá běi yǐn” (南茶北引, ‘kusamutsa tiyi wakumwera kupita kumpoto’), yomwe inayambika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1960. Ndipamene tiyi wobiriwira anayamba kukhazikika ku Rizhao, Qingdao (Laoshan) ndi kudera la Yimeng.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Dera: kupambana kwa kubzala kochokera kunja kwa m’ma 1960 kunasintha Shandong kuchoka ku chigawo ‘chopanda tiyi’ kukhala dera lodziyimira palokha la tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo Yimengshan, Rizhao ndi Laoshan kukhala madera ake atatu ofunikira. Ju County ndi phiri la Fulaishan adakhala likulu la Yimeng la ntchito yatsopano iyi.
• Kudziwika: pa chikhalidwe cha m’deralo, kulumikizana kwa ‘mapiri a Yimeng + tiyi wakumpoto’ nkofunikira. Fu Lai Qing amawonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha chigawo, chosonyeza chikhalidwe cha Shandong — kupirira, kukhuthala, kulunjika kwa kukoma — mosiyana ndi ukhwima wakumwera.

3. Kufotokozera Kwachomera ndi Zopangira:

Nyengo yozizira imakakamiza chomera kukulitsa tsamba lokhuthala, lakuda. Tsamba lakumpoto lachikulire limapiringana bwino, ndipo kukhuthala kwake ndiko kumapereka mphamvu yopirira kutenthetsa mobwerezabwereza yodziwika ndi derali.

4. Malo (Terroir) ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima:

• Malo (Terroir): kwawo kwa Fu Lai Qing ndi dera lamapiri la Yimengshan (沂蒙山) kumwera kwa chigawo cha Shandong, pansi pa ulamuliro wa mzinda wa Linyi. Malo ano salinso m’dera lakale la tiyi wakumwera, koma ndi malire akumpoto kwambiri a ulimi wa tiyi wa ku China — dera la Jiangbei (江北, ‘kumpoto kwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze’).
• Nyengo: kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kuposa ku Zhejiang kapena Hunan — nyengo yozizira yayitali, masika mochedwa, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku.
• Kukolola: tsamba loyamba pano limathyoledwa mochedwa kuposa m’zigawo zakumwera, pafupi ndi nthawi ya gǔ yǔ (谷雨, ‘mvula yamapale’), osati koyambirira kwa míng qián.
• Mphamvu ya Kuzizira pa Ubwino: kuzizira kumagwira ntchito m’njira ziwiri. Kumbali imodzi, kumachepetsa zokolola ndi kukakamiza chomera kukulitsa tsamba lokhuthala, lakuda. Kumbali ina, kusonkhanitsa pang’onopang’ono kwa shuga ndi ma amino acid m’malo ozizira kumapanga kukoma kumeneko kolemera, ‘kwakuthwa’ komwe kumadziwika ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa Shandong.
• Kuyerekeza ndi Oyandikana Nao: Yimengshan ndi wamapiri komanso wokhudzidwa ndi nyengo yakumtunda, Laoshan ndi wa m’mphepete mwa nyanja wokhala ndi fungo la nyanja, Rizhao ndi wodziwika kwambiri komanso wolemera.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga:

• Kuletsa Kubiriwira kwake: Fu Lai Qing ndi tiyi wobiriwira (lǜ chá, 绿茶), kutanthauza kuti ndi wosafufuzidwa. Gawo lofunikira ndikuletsa kubiriwira kwake (shā qīng, 杀青), pomwe kutentha kwakukulu kumalepheretsa ma enzyme ndikusunga mtundu wobiriwira ndi fungo latsopano.
• Maonekedwe a Tsamba: potengera maonekedwe a tsamba lomalizidwa, Fu Lai Qing ali m’gulu la mitundu iwiri yofanana — yopiringizidwa (juǎn qū, 卷曲) ndi yowongoka ngati lamba (tiáo xíng, 条形). Mu mtundu woyamba, tsamba pambuyo poletsa kubiriwira limapiringizidwa kukhala ‘makoma’ ndi zopota; mu mtundu wachiwiri — limapangidwa kukhala tinyanga totambalala, tolungama. Mawonekedwe onsewa ndi ofala ku sukulu ya Shandong ndipo amawasiyanitsa, mwachitsanzo, ndi kalembedwe ka Longjing kopanda taphwi.

6. Makhalidwe a Kununkhira ndi Kukoma:

Mbiri ya Fu Lai Qing imatengera chikhalidwe chonse cha ‘kumpoto’ cha tiyi wobiriwira wa Shandong: wokhuthala, wolemera, wokhala ndi madzi akuthwa odziwika bwino. Kwa derali, kamvekedwe kolemera ka mtedza wa chestnut (板栗香) wophatikizana ndi kanunkhira katsopano ka ‘nandolo’ (豌豆鲜) nkofala — kuphatikiza kumeneku ndiko kumapangitsa tiyi wa Yimeng ndi Rizhao kudziwika ndipo kumawasiyanitsa ndi mitundu yakumwera yopepuka ngati maluwa ndi udzu. Tsamba lakuda limapereka kukoma pakatikati pang’onopang’ono ndipo limapirira kutsanulidwa kangapo.

9. Kutenthetsa:

Malangizo othandiza pa kutenthetsa tiyi wobiriwira wa mtundu uwu:

• Madzi: otsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi madzi otentha kwambiri, pafupifupi 80 – 85 °C, kuti asapse tsamba lachinyamata ndi kuti asatulutse kuwawa kwakukulu.
• Zotengera: kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan; galasi ndilabwino chifukwa limakupatsani mwayi wowona tsamba lopiringizidwa likutambasuka.
• Mulingo: kuchuluka koyenera, kutsanulira koyamba kufupika, kotsatira kwanthawi yayitali pang’ono.
• Kutsanulira: chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwa tsamba, Fu Lai Qing amapirira kutenthetsa kangapo, pang’onopang’ono kutulutsa fungo la mtedza wa chestnut ndi nandolo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zozengereza:

• Malo a Msika: Fu Lai Qing ali ndi malo apakati — awa ndi tiyi wabwino, wodziwika wa chigawo, osati wopikisana ndi gulu lapamwamba kwambiri, lomwe ku Shandong limasungidwa ndi magulu apamwamba a masika a Rizhao ndi Laoshan.
• Chiyambi, osati Ukale: uwu ndi tiyi wobzalidwa kuchokera kunja (nán chá běi yǐn), osati chotsalira cha dera lakale la tiyi. Zonena zilizonse za ‘minda yakale ya tiyi’ pano ziyenera kuwunikidwa mosamala.
• Mbiri ya Kumpoto: funani kukoma kokhuthala, kolemera kokhala ndi kamvekedwe ka mtedza wa chestnut ndi kutsitsimuka kwa nandolo, kuthekera kopirira kutenthetsa kangapo — ichi ndi chizindikiro cha tiyi wabwino wobiriwira wa Shandong.
• Maonekedwe a Tsamba: timapota topiringizidwa kapena tinyanga ngati lamba ndizodziwika; tsamba lathyathyathya ngati la Longjing silikhala mu kalembedwe kameneka.
• Nyengo: Fu Lai Qing weniweni wodziwika ndi mankhwala a masika; chifukwa cha kuyamba mochedwa kwa ulimi kumpoto, magulu abwino kwambiri amapsa mochedwa kuposa tiyi wa míng qián wakumwera.
• Banja la Chigawo: Fu Lai Qing ndiwomveka kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa Rizhao ndi Laoshan — malo ofanana akumpoto, koma ma microcondition osiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kuti musasokoneze zizindikiro ndi kuyamikira kwenikweni chikhalidwe cha Yimeng mu kapu.

12. Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi:

• Miyezo: Fu Lai Qing amatsatira malamulo onse ogwira ntchito pa tiyi wobiriwira wa ku China, ndipo amayesedwa potengera zofananira za kununkhira ndi kukoma zomwe zimayesedwera tiyi wina aliyense wobiriwira: maonekedwe a tsamba louma, mtundu ndi kuwala kwa madzi, fungo, kukoma ndi mkhalidwe wa tsamba lophikidwa. Palibe nambala yodzipereka ya muyezo yolumikizidwa ndendende ndi Fu Lai Qing mu magwero otsimikizirika, chifukwa chake ma code enieni sakutchulidwa mwadala: kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa Shandong pamodzi, pali dongosolo la zofunikira zachigawo ndi zadziko pa tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa Fu Lai Qing, Rizhao ndi Laoshan kwenikweni ndi kusiyana kwa malo ndi chiyambi cha kubzala, osati kwa ma technical map osiyana.