dài pào chá

袋泡茶 (dài pào chá) si mtundu wina wa tiyi, koma ndi njira yonyamulira: masamba a tiyi osinjidwa kapena osasweka, oikidwa m’kathumba kosefera ka nthawi imodzi kophikira mwachangu. M’dongosolo la ku China, awa ndi ‘mtundu wa kamangidwe’ kamene kamasiyana ndi magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tiyi, chifukwa mkati mwa katumbako kumatha kukhala tiyi wobiriwira, wofiira (hóng chá), wulong, wakuda hēi chá kapena tiyi wonunkhira maluwa.

Ichi ndi chiyani ndipo malire ali pati

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa 袋泡茶 ndi tiyi womwazika pake ndi kukhala m’tumba limodzi komanso zipangizo za paketiyo. Katumba kamodzi amapangidwira chikho chimodzi kapena mphika umodzi, ndipo fyulutayo imagwira tinthu tating’ono ta masamba, kulola madziwo kutuluka momasuka. N’chifukwa chake gululi limafotokozedwa kwenikweni ndi luso la kuyika m’matumba ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta tiyi, osati mmene masambawo anachokera.

M’mbiri, masamba omwe amayikidwa m’timatumba anali ochepa mtengo — zotsalira, tizidutswa, zomwe zimatchedwa fannings ndi dust, zotsala posankha tiyi womwazika. Tinthu tating’onoting’ono timapereka madzi ake mwachangu, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mfundo ya katumba: kusakaniza kwaufupi, mtundu wowoneka bwino wa madzi, ndi kusavuta. Gawo lamakono lagawika: kupatula zinthu zotsika mtengo zopangidwa ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono, palinso timatumba ‘tapamwamba’ lokhala ndi masamba pafupifupi osasweka.

Mitundu ya kamangidwe ndi zipangizo

Potengera kamangidwe kake, pali mitundu ingapo yodziwika.

• Katumba kathyathyathya kokhala ndi zipinda ziwiri kochokera mu pepala losefera — kaonekedwe kakale kotsala pang’ono kukhala kopindika, nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi ulusi ndi chizindikiro, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi chokungirira chitsulo kapena cholumikizira kutentha popanda chitsulo.
• Piramidi, kapena 三角包 (sān jiǎo bāo) — ndi katumba ka utatu kokulirapo komwe kumapatsa masamba malo ochuluka kuti atambasuke; m’katumba imeneyi nthawi zambiri amayikamo masamba akuluakulu komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaluwa.
• Matumba opanda ulusi kapena chizindikiro ogwiritsidwa ntchito m’makina opangira tiyi ndi m’makina ogulitsira.

Zipangizo za fyuluta ndi mutu wina waluso wopangidwa ndi mainjiniya. Amagwiritsa ntchito:

• pepala losefera lopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wa zomera (m’mbiri ndi maziko a gululi);
• ukonde wa nayiloni, wowonekera ndi wopirira kutentha, woyenera m’mapiramidi;
• ukonde wa polylactic acid (PLA) wochokera ku chimanga kapena zomera zina — njira yosinthira nayiloni yomwe imatha kuwola.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa chosungunulira cha kutentha ndi guluu, zomwe zimalumikizana ndi madzi a tiyi. Zipangizo zomwe zimalumikizana ndi madzi otentha zimakhala ndi zofunika zachitetezo cha chakudya; n’chifukwa chake kuyika tiyi m’timatumba kumayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima kuposa tiyi wamba womwazika.

Zomwe zili mkati

Popeza 袋泡茶 ndi mtundu wa kamangidwe, zomwe zili mkati zimadalira wopanga ndi mtundu wa tiyi wonenedwa. Zomwe zili mkati mwachizolowezi ndi izi:

• tiyi wofiira (hóng chá) — amapereka madzi owala ndipo amapirira kusinjidwa bwino;
• tiyi wobiriwira — amafuna tinthu tosalidwa bwino kuti asakhale owawa;
• tiyi wa jasmini ndi tiyi wina wonunkhira maluwa — ndi wotchuka m’timatumba chifukwa cha fungo lake lonunkhira bwino;
• wulong ndi tiyi wakuda m’mapiramidi apamwamba;
• zosakaniza za zitsamba ndi zipatso, zomwe mwachilungamo si tiyi ndipo m’gulu la ku China zimatengedwa ngati ‘zopangira madzi’, osati 茶 m’tanthauzo lenileni.

Mtundu wa chitsamba (cultivar) ndi dera lomwe masambawo anachokera nthawi zambiri ndi zazing’ono m’gawo ili ndipo siziwululidwa m’zilembo: katumba kamayang’ana pa kusasintha komanso kupezeka kosavuta, osati kuwonetsa chiyambi cha mtundu umodzi. Izi sizosiyana ndi lamulo, koma ndi zotsatira zake — mtundu wa kamangidwe umagwira ntchito yofewetsa.

Luso la ukadaulo

Njira yopangira imabwereza luso la wamba la mtundu wa tiyi womwe wasankhidwa (kufowetsa, kukhazikika kapena okisijeni, kupiringiza, kuyanika), kenako amawonjezera gawo lapadera la kukonza tinthu ndi kuyika m’timatumba la 袋泡茶.

1. Tiyi wamba amakonzedwa mpaka kukhala tiyi womwazika wokonzeka potsatira luso la gulu lake la tiyi.
2. Zomwazo zimasankhidwa ndipo ngati n’kofunika zimasinjidwa kapena kudulidwa kufika kukula koyenera. Posakaniza mwachangu, amasankha tinthu tating’ono ndi tapakati; m’mapiramidi amasiya masamba akuluakulu.
3. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito njira yogaya mogenderana ndi njira ya CTC (crush–tear–curl), kuti apange tinthu tofanana tomwe timasakanizika ndi kuthamanga kodziwikiratu.
4. Kuyeza ndi kuyika m’timatumba pamizere yodzipangira: masamba amayezedwa malinga ndi kulemera kwake, amapanga katumba, amaikamo ulusi ndi chizindikiro, ndi kuyika chokutira chakunja.

Popeza masamba osinjidwa amachita okisijeni kwambiri mumlengalenga ndipo amataya fungo mwachangu, ndikofunika kuti pakhale chokutira chakunja chotsekera bwino komanso kuwongolera chinyezi.

Miyezo ndi kuwongolera mtundu

Pa gululi pali muyezo wadziko wa 袋泡茶 mu dongosolo la GB/T (nambala yeniyeni ndi kusindikizidwa kwake kuyenera kufufuzidwa ndi zolemba zovomerezeka — sizinaperekedwe pano kuti zisakhale zosokeretsa). Kupatula chikalata chamakampani, mankhwala omalizira amatsatiranso mfundo zonse za chitetezo cha chakudya za mndandanda wa GB za tiyi — mlingo wokwanira wa chinyezi, kukhalapo kwa zonyansa, zofunikira ku zipangizo zolumikizana ndi mankhwala, ndi zolembedwera pa phukusi.

Zinthu zowongoleredwa zomwe zimaonedwa nthawi zambiri ndi izi:

• unyinji wa katumba kamodzi opanda phukusi ndi kupatuka kovomerezeka;
• kukula kwa tinthu ndi gawo la fumbi;
• kuthamanga ndi kukwanira kwa kusakanizika pansi pazikhalidwe zina;
• mphamvu ya katumba ndi ulusi, kusakhala ndi kung’ambika posakaniza;
• mawonekedwe a madziwo (fungo, kukoma, mtundu, kuwonekera);
• chitetezo cha zipangizo za phukusi.

Kulawa kovomerezeka kwa katumba ka tiyi nthawi zambiri kumachitika potsatira zikhalidwe zokhazikika — zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 100 °C ndi mphindi zingapo zosakanizira — kuti tifananize zitsanzo m’mikhalidwe yofanana.

Kukoma ndi kusakaniza

Katumba kamapangidwa kuti kaphike mwachangu. Tinthu tating’ono timapereka zinthu zosungunuka mkati mwa mphindi imodzi kapena zitatu, ndikupereka madzi owoneka bwino ndi amphamvu, koma osakhalitsa: fungo labwino kwambiri, lomwe m’masamba osasweka limatuluka pang’onopang’ono, m’tinthu timeneti limatayika pang’ono pofika pa gawo losinja.

Zoyenera kutsata:

• kutentha — malinga ndi mtundu wa tiyi womwe uli mkati: tiyi wobiriwira amapirira bwino 80–85 °C, wofiira ndi wakuda — madzi otentha kwambiri;
• nthawi — yaifupi, mphindi 1-3; kusunga tinthu tating’ono nthawi yayitali kumabweretsa kuwawa mwachangu;
• kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza — nthawi zambiri, kumodzi kokwanira; piramidi yokhala ndi masamba osasweka imatha kupirira madzi achiwiri, katumba kathyathyathya ka pepala kokhala ndi tinthu tating’ono — nthawi zambiri ayi;
• musafinyire katumba tiyi ndi supuni: izi zimafinya zinthu zowawa za phenolic.

Mbiri

Lingaliro la kuyika tiyi m’chotengera chodutsa madzi linabadwa kunja kwa China — kuyambika kwake nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi malonda a ku America kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900. Ku China, katumba ka tiyi monga chinthu chochuluka chinakhazikika mochedwa kwambiri, pa nthawi ya chitukuko cha mafakitale a tiyi komanso kukwera kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zosavuta m’mizinda chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1900. Katumbuyu adakwaniritsa zofuna ziwiri nthawi imodzi: tiyi wotsika mtengo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa muofesi ndi malo odyera anthu, ndipo pambuyo pake, kupereka tiyi wapamwamba ‘mosavuta’ m’mapiramidi kwa iwo omwe amalemekeza mwambo koma ali ndi nthawi yochepa.

Ku chikhalidwe cha tiyi ku China, katumba ka tiyi sikofunika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi luso la tiyi womwazika komanso mwambo wa gōng fū chá, komabe ndi komwe kumakulitsa omvera ndipo kumakhala malo oyambira kwa ogula atsopano.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire ndi kusanthula

Posankha ndi kusanthula 袋泡茶 timalingalira zizindikiro zingapo.

• Kuonekera kwa zolemba: kodi mtundu wa tiyi, zomwe zili, kulemera, nthawi yatha komanso momwe amasungira zanenedwa. Malembo osamveka (‘tiyi’) osatchula gulu — ndi chifukwa chokayikira.
• Kukula kwa tinthu: yang’anani zomwe zili mu piramidi yowonekera. Masamba ooneka, ngakhale odulidwa, ndi abwino kuposa fumbi lofanana, ngati kukoma ndikofunika.
• Fungo la katumba kouma: loyera, la mtundu wa tiyi wonenedwa, lopanda fungo lachikale komanso fungo lachilendo la pepala kapena guluu.
• Madzi a tiyi: mtundu wosasinthika, wowonekera, wopanda matope ndi zotsalira kuposa zomwe zimayembekezeredwa ku tinthu tating’ono; kukoma kwake — khalidwe la tiyi wonenedwa, osati ‘madzi a tiyi’ osakhwima.
• Kachitidwe ka katumba: katumba sayenera kung’ambika ndi kutulutsa fumbi, ulusi — kuyenera kupirira kutulutsidwa.
• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa tiyi ndi zosakaniza za zitsamba: mankhwala opangidwa ndi zitsamba, zipatso, kapena maluwa opanda masamba a tiyi, m’gulu lokhwima la ku China, si 茶, ngakhale kuti kunja kwake ndi katumba kofanana.

Pomaliza, 袋泡茶 tiyenera kuiwona moona mtima — monga mtundu wa kadyedwe. Sikufuna kulowa m’malo mwa tiyi womwazika m’chikho cha katswiri, koma posankha bwino zipangizo ndi zida zake, imapereka madzi a tiyi mwachangu, otetezeka komanso odziwikiratu, ndipo mu kamangidwe ka ‘piramidi ndi masamba osasweka’ amafika pafupi ndi momwe amapangira tiyi wamba.