Chá gāo, chá duōfēn (TP), chá huángsù (TF)

M’chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku China komanso m’mafakitale amakono a tiyi, “zopangira tiyi” zimatanthauza zinthu zingapo zosiyana: kachulukidwe ka mbiri yakale ka chá gāo (茶膏), komanso tizigawo ta biochemical ta tsamba - ma polyphenols (TP, chá duōfēn 茶多酚) ndi theaflavins (TF, chá huángsù 茶黄素). Chofanana pa zonsezi ndi ichi: si tsamba, koma chofunikira chake chokhazikika kapena choyeretsedwa.

Kodi 茶膏 (chá gāo) ndi chiyani

茶膏 — kwenikweni “phala la tiyi” kapena “zonona za tiyi” — ndi kachulukidwe kolimba kapena kopanda theka, kamene kamapangidwa mwa kuwiritsa madzi a tiyi mpaka kukhala phala lakuda, lomwe limalimba kukhala zidutswa, ma cubes, kapena tinthu tating’onoting’ono. Mwa mawonekedwe ake, ndi wachibale wa tiyi wosungunuka, koma mwamwambo — ndi chinthu chochitidwa ndi luso lamanja, osati ufa. Kachidutswa ka chá gāo kamasungunuka m’madzi otentha, kupanga madzi a tiyi nthawi yomweyo opanda masamba.

Chodziwika kwambiri ndi mtundu wa pu-erh — pǔ’ěr chá gāo (普洱茶膏), wopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zobiriwira za ku Yunnan. Koma m’mbiri, phalalo linkapangidwanso kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya tiyi.

Mbiri: kuyambira Tang kupita ku bwalo lachifumu la Qing

Kukhazikitsa tiyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zakale kwambiri zakumwa tiyi ku China. Kale m’nthawi ya mzera wa Tang, panali mitundu ya tiyi yoponderezedwa ndi yowiritsidwa, ndipo m’nthawi ya Song, zinthu zokhazikika za tiyi zimatchulidwa pakati pa zopereka. Ndipamene, monga momwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, mfundo yake ya gāo - kuwiritsa madzi a tiyi mpaka kukhala phala - inakhazikitsidwa (masiku enieni a mitundu yoyambirira ndi otsutsana, choncho pano n’koyenera kusamala).

Kukula kwa chá gāo kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi bwalo lachifumu la Qing. Pali nthano yodziwika bwino yoti m’malo osungiramo aluso a m’nyumba yachifumu (omwe amatchedwa “njira yachifumu” gōngtíng 宫廷), phala la pu-erh linkakonzedwa kuti lizidyedwa ndi mfumu, mwa kuphimbirira kambirimbiri ndi kuwiritsa pang’onopang’ono zinthu zobiriwira pa kutentha kochepa. Katundu ameneyu ankayamikiridwa ngati kachulukidwe kosavuta, konyamulika, komanso kosungika kwa nthawi yayitali. Tsatanetsatane wa maphikidwe a m’nyumba yachifumu ndi olembedwa mwapang’ono, ndipo zambiri zomwe lero zimatchedwa “njira yachifumu” ndizomangidwanso, osati kutengera mwachindunji.

Momwe amapangira chá gāo

Mwa ukadaulo, pali masukulu awiri osiyana kwenikweni.

Kuwiritsa kwamwambo (decotion). Tiyi wokonzeka (nthawi zambiri shu- kapena sheng-pu-erh, kapena tiyi wakuda) amaphimbirira kambirimbiri, amaphatikiza madzi a tiyiwo ndikuwawiritsa kwa nthawi yayitali pa moto wochepa kapena pa water bath. Zimakhala phala lakuda, lomwe limaumbidwa ndi kuumitsidwa. Njirayi imasunga fungo labwino, koma imatenga nthawi ndi kupereka zotsatira zochepa.

Kutulutsa m’mafakitale amakono. Tsamba kapena tiyi wokonzeka amatulutsa madzi ndi madzi otentha, madzi a tiyi amasefedwa, kukhazikitsidwa pansi pa vacuum pa kutentha kochepa (kuteteza tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe timawonongeka ndi kutentha), kenako kuumitsidwa — mwa njira youmitsira yopopera kapena ya vacuum. Mwanjira iyi amapanga zidutswa za chá gāo, komanso tiyi wosungunuka wa ufa. Vacuum yotentha kwambiri ndi chinsinsi chosungira fungo komanso kuchepetsa kutayika kwa ma polyphenols.

Ubwino wa phala umatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zobiriwira zoyambirira, kuchuluka kwa kuchotsedwa, kayendetsedwe ka kutentha, ndi kuyera (kupanda kupsa, zonyansa zakunja, phulusa lochepa).

TP — ma polyphenols a tiyi (chá duōfēn 茶多酚)

TP (ma polyphenols a tiyi) ndi dzina lophatikiza gulu la mankhwala a phenolic a tsamba la tiyi, omwe m’zinthu zobiriwira zatsopano amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la chinthu chouma. Kagulu kakang’ono kwambiri ndi catechins (flavan-3-ols): EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC. Ndi ma catechins omwe amachititsa kukomera, “thupi” la madzi a tiyi, ndi kuwawa kwake kowawa.

Mankhwala ochotsedwa a TP amapezeka kuchokera ku tsamba la tiyi (nthawi zambiri lobiriwira chifukwa ndi lolemera kwambiri ndi ma catechins osa-oxidize) mwa kutulutsa madzi kapena madzi ndi mowa ndi kuyeretsa ndi kukhazikitsa pambuyo pake. Ichi ndi chinthu chobiriwira cha mafakitale a zakudya ndi zodzoladzola, komanso cholozera chowunikira cha ubwino wa tiyi.

Kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa ma polyphenols ndi ma catechins mu tiyi, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka za mu labotale. M’kayendetsedwe ka miyezo ka China, muyezo wa dziko la GB/T umayankha izi, kufotokoza kutsimikizira kwa ma polyphenols ndi ma catechins onse mwa spectrophotometric ndi chromatographic (nambala yeniyeni ya muyezo sikuperekedwa dala pano pofuna kupewa zolakwika - ayenera kuyang’ana m’magazini yamakono).

TF — theaflavins (chá huángsù 茶黄素)

TF (theaflavins) ndi mitundu ya lalanje ndi yachikasu, yomwe imapangidwa pa nthawi ya fermentation (oxidation) ya tiyi, makamaka wakuda (hóngchá 红茶). Amatuluka pamene enzyme polyphenol oxidase ima-oxidize ndi “kulumikiza” ma catechins pawiri: motero kuchokera ku ma flavan-3-ols opanda mtundu, mapangidwe a benzotropalone amabadwa.

Theaflavins ndi chizindikiro cha ubwino wa tiyi wakuda:

• amapatsa madzi a tiyi kuwala ndi kunyezimira kwagolide (omwe amatchedwa “mphete yagolide” m’mphepete mwa chikho);
• amachititsa kuwawa kwatsopano ndi chidwi (briskness) m’kukoma;
• amathandizira pakupanga “zonona” - kuthina kwa madzi a tiyi akamazizira.

Pamene oxidation ikupitilira, theaflavins amasanduka ma thearubigins (TR, chá hóngsù 茶红素) akuluakulu ndi akuda, omwe amapereka mtundu wofiira-bulauni ndi “thupi” lodzaza. Kugwirizana kwa TF ndi TR ndi chimodzi mwa zofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika tiyi wakuda: kuchuluka kwa theaflavins pamlingo wokwanira wa thearubigins kumatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kalasi yapamwamba.

Mankhwala oyeretsedwa a theaflavins amachotsedwa mu tiyi wakuda ndi njira za chromatographic; iyi ndi katundu wokwera mtengo komanso wovuta mwaukadaulo.

Kukoma ndi kuwiritsa

茶膏. Phala limawiritsidwa mwachuma kwambiri: kachidutswa kakang’ono (kofanana ndi nandolo) n’kokwanira chikho kapena kapu yaing’ono. Limasungunuka m’madzi otentha m’masekondi. Chá gāo ya pu-erh imapereka madzi a tiyi ozama, amtundu wakuda wa vinyo, pafupifupi wakuda ndi kapangidwe kosalala, kwamafuta, ndi matani a nthaka ndi nkhuni ku mitundu ya shu ndi kuwawa kowala kwambiri ku mitundu ya sheng. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwambiri, mlingo ndi wofunikira: kumwa mopitilira muyeso kumapangitsa chakumwa kukhala chokomera komanso chosalala. Madzi amakhala otentha (pafupifupi 90-100 °C), kukoma kumayendetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa phala, osati nthawi yowiritsa.

TP ndi TF m’mawonekedwe oyera si chakumwa chamwambo, koma zophatikiza ndi zolozera zowunikira. M’mapangidwe a tiyi wamasamba, ndiye kugwirizana kwake komwe kumapereka mbiri yomveka: TP wochuluka — kuwawa kwakukulu ndi kuwawa; TF wochuluka — kuwala ndi kutsitsimula kwatsopano; TR wochuluka — kuzama ndi kudzaza kofewa.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire ndi zoyenera kuyang’ana

Mukamagula chá gāo, tsatirani zizindikiro zingapo:

• Pamwamba ndi kuthyoka. Phala labwino limakhala ndi pamwamba posalala, ponyezimira, popanda ming’alu ndi ziphuphu; pa kuthyoka — kapangidwe kofanana kagalasi kapena kautomoni popanda tinthu tambiri ndi kupsa.
• Kusungunuka. Kachulukidwe kabwino kamasungunuka kwathunthu ndi mwachangu, osasiya matope osungunuka ndi kachilombo ka zinthu zosapsa.
• Kuyera kwa madzi a tiyi. Madzi a tiyi ayenera kukhala owala (malinga ndi mtundu wake), opanda zolemba “zophikidwa”, zopsa, kapena zamankhwala, komanso kuwawa mopitilira muyeso.
• Chiyambi cha zinthu zobiriwira. Kwa phala la pu-erh, kusonyeza mtundu (shu/sheng), dera, ndi chaka n’kofunikira; mawu osamveka ndi chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza.

Zizindikiro za chinthu chokaikitsa: fungo loopsa kwambiri (kutenthedwa pamene akuwiritsa), “kukoma kwa caramel” ponyezimira kochita kupanga, kuwawa kwa mankhwala, kusungunuka kosakwanira ndi kachilombo kamafuta.

Poyesa tiyi wamasamba malinga ndi TP ndi TF, musadalire ziwerengero zotsatsa pa paketi, koma ma protocol a labotale, ochitidwa motsatira njira za GB/T zamakono: ndi njira zapakhomo, sizingatheke kuyeza magawowa modalirika.

Mapeto

茶膏, TP ndi TF ndi nkhope zitatu za lingaliro limodzi: kutulutsa ndi kukhazikitsa gawo logwira ntchito la tsamba la tiyi. Chá gāo imachita izi “kwathunthu,” kusunga mitundu yonse m’mawonekedwe abwino a kachulukidwe ndi mbiri yayitali, yomwe imachokera ku bwalo lachifumu. TP ndi TF, mosiyana, amagawa tiyi m’zigawo zake — ma catechins okomera ndi mitundu yowala ya fermentation, — kupatsa mafakitale ndi sayansi zida zolondola zomvetsetsa ndi kuwongolera ubwino. Pamene miyezo yeniyeni, manambala a GB/T ndi maphikidwe a m’nyumba yachifumu amakhalabe otsutsana kapena osalembedwa, n’kwanzeru kuvomereza kusatsimikizika, m’malo momangirira mbiri ndi zongoganizira.