Yíxīng zǐshā · thetea.app

Miteko ya dongo yochokera ku Yíxīng (Yíxīng 宜兴) — mwina ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha ku China: ceramic yotha “kupuma” ya mtundu wa nthaka yophikidwa, yomwe okonda amayiona ngati gawo losasiyanitsidwa ndi kukoma kwenikweni kwa tiyi. Nkhaniyi si yonena za tiyi yekha, koma za zida ndi luso limene popanda izo n’zovuta kulingalira kupangira oolong ndi pu’er.

Chiyambi ndi dera

Mzinda wa Yíxīng uli kum’mwera kwa chigawo cha Jiāngsū (Jiāngsū 江苏), kugombe lakumadzulo kwa nyanja ya Tàihú (Tàihú 太湖), pamalire ndi zigawo za Zhèjiāng ndi Ānhuī. Pano paliponse, m’mapiri ozungulira dera la Dīngshǔ (Dīngshǔ 丁蜀), ndimo mumapezeka thanthwe lapadera la sedimentary — zǐshā (zǐshā 紫砂), kutanthauza “mchenga waufiirira”.

Malo achikale a zinthu zopangira mwamwambo amatengedwa kukhala phiri la Huánglóngshān (Huánglóngshān 黄龙山). Zǐshā si dongo wamba la mbiya, koma ndi thanthwe la miyala yopyapyala, lomwe limagona m’magulu pakati pa zigawo zina. Pambuyo pokumba, limayenera kuphwanyidwa, kuvekedwa mphepo ndi kugayidwa, lisanakhale loyenera kugwira ntchito. Kapangidwe ka michere — kuchuluka kwa iron oxide, quartz, mica ndi kaolinite — kumatsimikizira mtundu wa zinthu zomalizidwa, ndi mawonekedwe ake apaderi aukadaulo: kutha kutulutsa mpweya koma osadontha, komwe kumatchedwa kuti porosity yapawiri.

N’kofunika kumvetsetsa kuti “Yíxīng” amatanthauza makamaka kulumikizana kwa malo a zinthu zopangira ndi luso. Zosungika za thanthwe labwino ndizochepa, ndipo kukumba monyanyira m’madera ena m’zaka zosiyanasiyana kunayambitsa ziletso ndi zoletsa zosakhalitsa — tsatanetsatane yeniyeni ya kayendetsedwe pano ndi bwino kutsimikiziridwa ndi magwero am’deralo.

”Mitundu” ya dongo

Monga momwe tiyi ali ndi mitundu ya chitsamba, chomwecho zǐshā ali ndi mitundu ya thanthwe, ndipo izi ndizo zimatsimikizira mkhalidwe wa chinthucho:

Zǐní (zǐní 紫泥) — “dongo waufiirira,” wofala kwambiri ndi woyambira. Pambuyo pocha amatulutsa mitundu ya bulauni-ufiirira, yoderako kufiira.
Hóngní / zhūní (hóngní 红泥 / zhūní 朱泥) — dongo “wofiira” ndi “wofiira ngati sinabari” okhala ndi iron yambiri. Zhūní amatulutsa mtundu wofiira wonyezimira, kuchuluka koonekeratu pakuchepa pochocha, ndi phokoso lomveka bwino; nthawi zambiri amapangako miteko yaing’ono ya oolong.
Běnshān lǜní (běnshān lǜní 本山绿泥) — dongo “wobiriwira,” amene pambuyo pocha amatengera mitundu ya chikasu-beige, yamchenga.
Duànní (duànní 段泥, nthawi zina 团泥) — thanthwe losakanizidwa, lomwe limatulutsa mitundu yowala, yachikasu-imvi komanso yoderako bulauni.

M’kachitidwe, amisiri nthawi zambiri amapanga zosakaniza ndi kuwonjezera mchere wa oxide kuti apeze mtundu wofunidwa, chifukwa chake mitundu yeniyeni ndi yotakata kuposa kayendetsedwe koyambira aka.

Luso ndi ukadaulo

Ceramic ya Yíxīng ndi yosiyana kotheratu ndi mbiya wamba: miteko yoyambirira ya zǐshā imaumbidwa osati pa gudumu la woumba, koma mwa njira yosonkhanitsa pamanja kuchokera ku mapepala a dongo ndi malamba.

Njira zofunika:

Dǎpiàn (dǎpiàn 打片) — kumenya dongo ndi nkhuni kupanga mapepala osalala ofanana.
Kusonkhanitsa thupi — kuchokera ku pepala lopindidwa kukhala cylinder (pa mawonekedwe ozungulira) kapena kuchokera ku mbali zosiyana zathyathyathya (pa miteko ya “geometric” ya fāngqì, fāngqì 方器).
Kupanga mosiyana ndi kumamatira pamphuno, chogwilira, chivindikiro ndi kakhala kopota, ndi kuyanjanitsa mwatcheru chivindikiro ndi khosi.
Kusalaza ndi kukanikiza pamwamba ndi zida zapadera — izi zimapangitsa kuti chidutsacho chikhale cholimba.

Kocha kumachitika pa kutentha kwakukulu (pafupifupi 1100–1200 °C, ndondomeko yeniyeni imadalira dongo ndi ng’anjo). Zǐshā amachotswa opanda glaze: pamwamba pake ndi wonyezimira pang’ono, pang’ono mwano — awa ndi chidutswa “chamaliseche” chotenthedwa. M’kupita kwa nthawi, pokhudzana ndi tiyi ndi kupukuta, amapeza kuwala kofewa — patina, yomwe osonkhanitsa amatcha “chikopa cha tiyi.”

Miyezo ndi chitetezo cha dzina

Ceramic ya Yíxīng zǐshā ku China ili ndi udindo ngati chinthu chotetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha malo (dìlǐ biāozhì 地理标志产品), zomwe mwalamulo zimagwirizanitsa dzinalo ndi dera lopangira ndi zinthu zake. Palinso mulingo wamakampani wadziko lonse wa zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku Yíxīng zǐshā, womwe umayang’anira matchulidwe, magulu ndi zofunikira za khalidwe; nambala yeniyeni ya chikalata sikuperekedwa pano, popeza iyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi kusindikizidwa kwapano. M’kachitidwe, msika umatsatiranso maudindo oyenerera a amisiri (mwachitsanzo, masitepe a ‘katswiri waluso ndi ufundi’), koma dongosololi limayesa olemba, osati zinthu zomwe.

Momwe zǐshā amakhudzira tiyi ndi momwe angapangire

Phindu lalikulu la zǐshā pa zochita za tiyi limagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe itatu ya chidutsacho:

Kutha kutulutsa mpweya ndi “kupuma.” Ming’oma yaing’ono imasunga kutentha mofewa ndipo imalola mapeto ake “kupuma” pang’ono, zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri, zimasalaza zokometsa zamphamvu za zitsulo.
Kusunga kutentha. Chidutswa chakuthwa chimasunga kutentha bwino — izi ndizofunikira pa tiyi wofuna kutentha kokhazikika.
“Kukumbukira” kwa zinthu. Mapeto a porous pang’onopang’ono amatenga fungo la tiyi. Kuchokera apa pali mwambo wakale wa “ukatswiri”: teapot imodzi imapangirapo mtundu umodzi wa tiyi, kuti asasakanize mikhalidwe.

Pansi pa zǐshā, tiyi wandiweyani, wonunkhira ndi “wakuda” amakoma bwino kwambiri: oolong wa ku Wǔyíshān (yánchá 岩茶), pu’er wokalamba ndi shú, tiyi wakuda ndi wofiira. Tiyi wobiriwira ndi woyera wofewa, m’malo mwake, nthawi zambiri amapangirapo mu porcelain kapena galasi, kumene porosity “sadya” fungo lofewa.

Malangizo ochita:

Teapot yatsopano isanagwiritsidwe ntchito imachapidwa ndi “kudyetsedwa” — imatenthedwa ndi kuthiriridwa ndi tiyi wa mtundu womwe wakonzedwerako.
Pa oolong ndi pu’er, madzi otentha kwambiri ndi oyenera; kuchuluka kochepa (nthawi zambiri 100–200 ml) ndi koyenera kuthirira mwa kachitidwe ka gōngfū chá 工夫茶.
Kutsuka teapot mkati mwake kumachitika popanda zotsukira, kuti zisasokoneze fungo lomwe likudziunjikira; kunja kumapukutidwa ndi kuukutidwa ndi burashi yoyera kapena nsalu.

Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe

Kukula kwa teapot ya Yíxīng kudafika pachimake mu nthawi ya Míng (Míng 明), pamene njirayi yopangira tiyi wa masamba ndi madzi mu chidebe inafalikira ku China — kusiya tiyi wakale wosiyidwa ufa. Teapot yaing’ono ya dongo inali yoyenera mwangwiro ku chizolowezi chatsopano.

Lusoli limalumikizidwa ndi dzina lanthano laling’ono la Gōngchūn (Gōngchūn 供春), amene mwamwambo amanenedwa kukhala m’modzi mwa amisiri oyambirira odziwika. Kutha kwa Ming kunagwira ntchito Shí Dàbīn (Shí Dàbīn 时大彬), yemwe dzina lake limalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawonekedwe a chikale ndi luso la kusonkhanitsa pamanja. Pambuyo pake panabwera gulu lonse la amisiri, ndipo teapot ya zǐshā idasanduka chinthu chosonkhanitsa: amayika masitampu-sisindikizo, amakongoletsa ndi zosema, kaligrafi ndi zojambula, ndipo olemba amaphatikizidwa mu ntchitoyi. Chotero chidebecho chinakhala gawo la chikhalidwe cha “ophunzira” cha kumwa tiyi.

Lero Dīngshǔ ndi miyambo ya zakale komanso msika waukulu: kuyambira ntchito zapadera za olemba zamtengo wapatali kupita ku kupanga kochuluka. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kwa msika ndi komwe kumayambitsa vuto lalikulu la wogula — kutsimikizika.

Momwe mungasiyanitse zǐshā weniweni

Palibe “muyeso wamatsenga” wapadziko lonse, koma pali zizindikiro zoyenera:

Pamwamba. Zǐshā weniweni ndi wonyezimira pang’ono, wokhala ndi kapangidwe ka michere ya njere, wopanda kuwala kwa glaze. Kuwala kofanana kwambiri, konga “pulasitiki” kapena konyezimira ngati varnish ndikokayikitsa.
Phokoso ndi chidutswa. Chinthu chochidwa bwino chimatulutsa phokoso lomvekera akamenyetsa pang’ono pachivindikiro osati lophinjo; koma phokoso limadalira kwambiri dongo, kotero ichi ndi chizindikiro chothandizira chabe.
Kusonkhanitsa. Pa teapot yabwino yopangidwa ndi manja pamawoneka zizindikiro za luso: kuyanjanitsa mwaluso kwa chivindikiro, kudula koyera pamphuno, kutulutsa madzi moyenera.
Fungo. Fungo lamphamvu la mankhwala kapena “mafuta onunkhira” kuchokera ku teapot yatsopano ndi chizindikiro choipa.
Mtengo ndi chiyambi. “Dongo wachikale wosowa” wonenedwa pamtengo wotchipa pafupifupi nthawi zonse amatanthauza misa wamba wopakidwa utoto. Kutchula momveka bwino kwa malo ogwirira ntchito ndi mtengo wotheka n’kodalirika kuposa nthano zazikulu.

N’koyenera kukumbukira kuti zinthu zopakidwa utoto ndi ma oxide mwachinyengo ndi “zatsopano zopangidwa monga zinthu zakale” ndi zochitika zofala, choncho pogula kwambiri amatsata mbiri ya wogulitsa ndi mmisiri, osati maonekedwe okha.

Yíxīng zǐshā ndi nthawi yapadera pamene chidebe chimakhala ndi gawo lonse mu kukoma: zinthu, luso ndi mwambo wazaka mazana ambiri pano zimalumikizidwa mwamphamvu, monga momwe dera ndi mtundu zimalumikizidwira mu tiyi. Kwa katswiri, izi zikutanthauza lamulo losavuta — kusankha teapot yowona mtima, yochidwa bwino ya mtundu wina wa tiyi ndikulola nthawi kuti ichite zina zonse.