méiguī huā chá

Tiyi ya rozi ndi dzina lophatikiza la zakumwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba ndi timaluwa ta rozi: kuchokera ku tiyi weniweni wokometsedwa ndi fungo la rozi mpaka ku mankhwala a zitsamba opangidwa kuchokera ku maluwa ouma okha. M’mwambo wa Chitchaina, ichi chimakhala “maluwa onunkhira” (xiānghuā), omwe amawonjezeredwa ku masamba a tiyi kapena kuwira okha.

Zomwe zimabisa pansi pa dzina limodzi

Ndikofunika kuyambira pachiyambi kusiyanitsa zinthu ziwiri zosiyana, zomwe m’Chitchaina (ndi Chitchaina) nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa mofanana.

Choyamba ndi tiyi wokometsedwa ndi rozi (玫瑰红茶 méiguī hóngchá, nthawi zina wobiriwira): masamba a tiyi weniweni, odzazidwa ndi fungo la rozi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosanjikiza ndi maluwa. Malinga ndi momwe amapangidwira, amafanana ndi tiyi wa jasimini ndipo ali m’gulu la tiyi wokometsedwa (花茶 huāchá).

Chachiwiri ndi chakumwa chochokera ku timaluwa tokha ta rozi popanda masamba a tiyi. Kunena zoona, ichi ndi chakumwa cha zitsamba (代用茶, “cholowa m’malo mwa tiyi”), osati tiyi m’malingaliro a botanical. Ichi ndi chimene nthawi zambiri amatanthauza akamagulitsa “timaluwa ta rozi”.

Kusiyanitsa kumeneku ndikofunika kwambiri: kukoma, njira yowirira, ndi miyezo zake ndi zosiyana.

Chiyambi ndi dera

Madera akulu a “rozi” ku China adapangika mozungulira mitundu ya rozi yodyedwa ndi yonunkhira, osati yokongoletsa basi.

• Pingyin (平阴, m’chigawo cha Shandong) — ndiye likulu la mbiri yakale la rozi ya Chitchaina. “Rozi ya Pingyin” (平阴玫瑰 Píngyīn méiguī) yomwe imalimidwa kuno, malinga ndi nthano, kwazaka mazana ambiri ndipo imadziwika ngati chinthu chodziwika ndi dera. Nyengo youma ya kontinenti ndi dothi la laimu zimapereka timaluwa tolimba, tokhwima komanso kotsekemera.
• Kushui (苦水, m’boma la Yongdeng, m’chigawo cha Gansu) — ndi kwawo kwa “rozi ya Kushui” (苦水玫瑰 Kǔshuǐ méiguī), dzina lina lotetezedwa lachigawo. Kudera la mapiri, kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha, ndi kuuma kumathandiza kuti mafuta onunkhira akhale ochuluka, chifukwa chake rozi ya Gansu imakhala yamtengo wapatali popanga mafuta onunkhira komanso ngati chinthu chopangira mafuta.
• Yunnan — kuno “rozi yodyedwa” ya mtundu wa Mòhóng (墨红玫瑰) ndi yofala, yofiira kwambiri, yokhala ndi fungo lamphamvu ngati “jam”; nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zopaka ndi kusakaniza mu tiyi.

Madera awa ndiwo amatsimikizira kuti ndi timaluwa tating’onoting’ono tayiti timene timalowa mu kapu, ndipo amafotokoza kusiyana kwa fungo pakati pa rozi ya Shandong yomwe imakhala “yatsopano” ndi ya Gansu yomwe imakhala “yolemera” komanso yamafuta.

Mitundu ya rozi

Pansi pa dzina lakuti “rozi” ku China pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera malinga ndi botanical, ndipo kusokonekera kwa mayina ndikofala.

• 玫瑰 (méiguī) — Rosa rugosa, rozi ya khungu lamakwinya. Iyi ndiyo rozi yachikale yonunkhira yopangira tiyi: timaluwa tating’ono, tolimba, todzaza ndi mafuta onunkhira.
• 月季 (yuèjì) — Rosa chinensis, rozi ya Chitchaina (“ya mwezi ndi mwezi”): yokongoletsa kwambiri, yokhala ndi fungo lochepera, imapezeka mochepa mu zopangira tiyi zapamwamba, ngakhale pamsika timaluwa take nthawi zina amati ndi méiguī.
• 蔷薇 (qiángwēi) — ndi dzina lophatikiza la rozi zakuthengo za mtundu wa rosehip.

Pazakudya ndi tiyi, chinthu chomwe chimafunidwa ndi Rosa rugosa ndi mitundu yake yolimidwa (Pingyin, Kushui), komanso Mòhóng ya ku Yunnan.

Tekinoloje

Tiyi wokometsedwa ndi rozi

Mfundo yake ndi yofanana ndi ya jasimini: maziko a tiyi (nthawi zambiri tiyi wofiira/wakuda, nthawi zina wobiriwira) amayikidwa mosanjikiza ndi maluwa atsopano otseguka pang’ono ndikusungidwa kuti masamba atenge zinthu zosasinthika zonunkhira. Kenako chinthucho “chimamasulidwa” ku maluwa ogwiritsidwa ntchito (nthawi zina mozungulira kangapo) ndikuwumitsidwa. Nthawi zambiri masamba ena amasiyidwa mu chinthu chomaliza — mwina chifukwa cha kukongola, mwina ngati chizindikiro. Tiyi womaliza ayenera kununkhira ngati rozi, koma akuyenera kuwira ngati tiyi weniweni — wolemera, wokhala ndi tanini komanso kukoma komwe kumatsalira pambuyo pake.

Kufotokozera: ndondomeko yeniyeni ya kuchuluka kwa kuzungulira kokometsa kwa tiyi wa rozi si yodziwika bwino m’mabuku osiyanasiyana poyerekeza ndi tiyi wa jasimini, chifukwa chake manambala enieni satchulidwa apa.

Timaluwa ta rozi touma

Kuno kulibe masamba a tiyi. Timaluwa tomwe tangothyolwa kumene (nthawi zambiri amadulidwa asanatseguke mokwanira kuti asunge mawonekedwe ndi mafuta) amawumitsidwa — mwamwambo pamthunzi kapena ndi mpweya wofunda pang’ono, nthawi zina pogwiritsa njira zamakono zowumitsira mwapang’onopang’ono komanso vacuum/sublimation kuti mtundu usungidwe. Ubwino umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe fungo, mtundu wa masamba, ndi kukhazikika kwa timaluwa kwasungidwira.

Miyezo ndi magulu

M’dongosolo la miyezo ya Chitchaina, tiyi wa rozi umagawidwa m’magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wake:

• tiyi wokometsedwa ndi rozi ndi wa gulu la tiyi wokometsedwa (花茶), pomwe pali chimango chokhazikika cha GB/T chokhudza tiyi wamaluwa;
• chakumwa chochokera ku timaluwa athunthu mwalamulo chili m’gulu la 代用茶 (zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi) ndipo limayendetsedwa ngati chakudya chochokera ku zomera, osati ngati “tiyi” m’lingaliro lenileni.

Mayina amadera a 平阴玫瑰 ndi 苦水玫瑰 amatetezedwa ngati zinthu zodziwika ndi dera. Manambala enieni ndi zosintha za miyezo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba zomwe zilipo panopa — satchulidwa dala apa, kuti tisapereke zomwe sizikutsimikiziridwa.

Kukoma ndi kuwira

Tiyi wokometsedwa ndi rozi amapereka chakumwa chamtundu wofanana ndi maziko a tiyi (wofiira ngati mkuwa kwa tiyi wofiira) wokhala ndi fungo lomveka bwino la rozi pachiyambi komanso kukoma kwa tanini, “tiyi” pakati ndi kumapeto. Amakhala wokhazikika kwambiri ndipo amatha kupirira ma brew angapo.

Chakumwa chochokera ku timaluwa — ndi chowala, chagolide-pinki, chofewa, chokhala ndi fungo la maluwa lotsekemera, pang’ono ngati “jam” komanso popanda kuwawa kwa tanini; kukoma kwake ndi kosalala ndipo kumatha msanga.

Malangizo owirira:

• Timaluwa ta rozi: timaluwa 3 – 5 pa 200 – 250 ml; madzi ozizira pafupifupi 85 – 90 °C (madzi otentha kwambiri “amawononga” fungo losalala); kuwiritsa kwa mphindi 2 – 4, ndipo mutha kuwira 2 – 3.
• Tiyi wokometsedwa: tsatirani njira ya maziko a tiyi — tiyi wofiira amafuna madzi otentha (90 – 95 °C), kuwira kochepa kwa masekondi 20 – 40 ndikuwonjezera nthawi.

Rozi nthawi zambiri amasakaniza: ndi tiyi wofiira — kuti akhale olemera komanso wofunda; ndi pu’er — kuti afewetse fungo lachilengedwe lonyowa; ndi zipatso zazing’ono ndi zipatso zouma — pophatikiza. Izi ndi nkhani ya kukonda, osati ya makhalidwe ake.

Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe

Rozi ku China yakhala ikulemekezedwa kwa zaka zoposa chikwi — ngati chomera chokongoletsa, gwero la fungo komanso chopangira zakudya. Masamba ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokometsera mkamwa (mkate wachikale wa “mwezi wa rozi” ndi makeke), m’maphala a shuga (玫瑰酱), m’zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi popereka fungo. Pingyin ku Shandong ndi Kushui ku Gansu zinakhazikika ngati malo olima rozi pamzere wamaphunziro a zakudya, zonunkhirira, ndi mankhwala.

Chizoloŵezi chakumwa rozi ngati “tiyi wamaluwa” paokha chinakhazikika makamaka m’nthawi zamakono ndipo chinakhala gawo la chikhalidwe chatsiku ndi tsiku la zakumwa zofewa ndi zonunkhira. M’miyambo ya anthu, rozi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochita “zotenthetsa” ndi “kufewetsa mkhalidwe,” komabe awa ndi maganizo a chikhalidwe, osati umboni wa zamankhwala, ndipo safotokozedwa apa.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire chinthu chabwino

• Mtundu pa lebo. Mvetsetsani chomwe mukugula: tiyi wokometsedwa (ndi masamba a tiyi) kapena timaluwa athunthu okha. Izi ndi zakumwa zosiyana.
• Kukhazikika kwa timaluwa. Maluwa abwino owuma a rozi ndi timaluwa tolimba, tosakonkhedwa, tofanana kukula; kuchuluka kwa fumbi ndi masamba akugwa kumasonyeza mtundu wotsika kapena chinthu chakale.
• Mtundu. Wabwinobwino wofiira wakuda, wa bordeaux kapena pinki-lilac. Mtundu wosayenera, wowala “wamankhwala,” umene umadetsa kwambiri madzi kukhala ofiira kwambiri, ndi chifukwa chokayikira za utoto.
• Fungo. Loyera, la maluwa atsopano, lopanda funso, chivundu, chochucha, kapena fungo lothwa la “mafuta onunkhira” (lochita kupanga).
• Mtundu wa rozi vs rozi yokongoletsa. Mitundu yotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku yuèjì (月季) yokongoletsa mmalo mwa méiguī (玫瑰) yonunkhira: timaluwa totere timakhala tambiri, fungo lake limakhala lochepa.
• Chiyambi. Kutchulidwa kwa Pingyin kapena Kushui ndi chizindikiro chongoyang’ana madera odziwika, koma tsatulani kutsimikiza kwa zilembo.
• Kuuma ndi kasungidwe. Timaluwa tiyenera kukhala touma kwathunthu, kuthyoka mosavuta; ayenera kusungidwa mu chidebe chothina, kopanda kuwala ndi chinyezi, apo ayi fungo limatha pakapita miyezi.

Pomaliza, “tiyi wa rozi” ndi gulu lonse la zakumwa. Kumvetsetsa ngati pansi pake pali masamba a tiyi weniweni kapena maluwa okha, kudera ndi mtundu wa rozi yemwe wachokera, ndi momwe adawumitsira, ndiyo njira yopangira chisankho chabwino.